337. 性格测试靠谱吗？

这里是iHeart播客。亲爱的听众朋友们，大家好。我们都知道，对自己和身体运作机制了解得越多，我们就越能掌控生活。这一点在性健康和无保护性行为后的应对措施上同样适用。这时就需要紧急避孕药Plan B出场了。

This is an iHeart podcast. Hello, my lovely listeners. By now, you know, the more knowledge we have about ourselves and the way our bodies work, the more empowered and in control we are. And this is also true when it comes to our sexual health and what to do after unprotected sex. That's where plan b comes in.

这是一种无年龄限制的紧急避孕措施，能在怀孕发生前进行预防。由于它仅通过暂时延迟排卵发挥作用，不会影响未来的受孕能力。我们钟爱这种让我们掌握主动权的备用方案——因为知识就是力量。了解更多请访问planb1step.com（用户引导页面）。

It's emergency contraception with no age requirement that helps prevent pregnancy before it starts. And because it works by only temporarily delaying ovulation, it won't impact your ability to get pregnant in the future. We love a backup plan that puts us in control because the more we know, the more power we have. Learn more at planb1step.com, users directed.

所以您的AI代理确实能提升使用团队的工作效率，对吧？但如果这些代理没有与其他代理、您的数据或现有工作流程相连，它们究竟能带来多少实质性的效率提升？任何企业都可以部署AI代理，而IBM能让您全公司的代理协同运作，彻底改变商业模式。

So your AI agents, they make the team that uses them more productive. Right? But if they aren't connected to other agents or your data or your existing workflows, how productive can they really make your teams? Any business can add AI agents. IBM connects your agents across your company to change how you do business.

让我们携手IBM，打造更智能的商业未来。

Let's create smarter business, IBM.

当达美航空派遣四位创作者环游世界，探索旅行的真正力量时会发生什么？正是这些充满意义的微小瞬间，对吧？

What happens when Delta Airlines sends four creators around the world to find out what is the true power of travel? It's these small moments of intention. Right?

不仅是将人们送往目的地，更是连接人与人、不同文化，最终创造无法复制的独特体验。

Not just people to places and destinations. It's connecting people to other people, other cultures, and ultimately experiences that can't be replicated.

在本期达美航空特别呈现的《二十几岁心理学》节目中，了解更多关于旅行如何促进身心健康的内容。飞行让生活更美好。各大播客平台均可收听。

Find out more about how travel can support well-being on this special episode of the psychology of your twenties presented by Delta. Fly and live better. Listen wherever you get your podcasts.

让停车成为您夜晚最轻松的部分，使用Park Wiz。提前预订，直接驶入，这样您就能享受演出、比赛或夜晚外出，无需为停车兜圈子。节省高达50%的固定车位费用，告别压力。更智能的停车体验从这里开始。立即下载Park Wiz应用。

Make parking the easiest part of your night with Park Wiz. Reserve ahead and roll right in so you can enjoy the show, the game, or a night out without circling for parking. Save up to 50% off a secured space and skip the stress. Smarter parking starts here. Download the Park Wiz app today.

你是否曾带着你的魔法来到华特迪士尼世界，就像，嘿，我们是来玩的。你是否向克里奥尔公主致敬了你的皇冠，还是正式地变得傻乎乎的？像个老板一样站出来拯救世界，或者看看生命之树下的生活是怎样的？你有过吗？

Have you ever brought your magic to Walt Disney World like, hey. We came to play. Did you tip your tiara to a creole princess or get goofy officially? Step up like a boss and save the day, or see what life's like under the tree of life? Did you?

如果可以，你会吗？当我们到来时，那是真正的魔法，因为我们是来玩的。在华特迪士尼世界度假区带来魔法。

If you could. Would you? When we come through, it's true magic because we came to play. Bring the magic at Walt Disney World Resort.

大家好，欢迎回到《二十几岁的心理学》，这个播客我们讨论二十几岁的一些重大生活变化和转折，以及它们对我们心理的影响。大家好，欢迎回到节目。欢迎回到播客，新听众，老听众，无论你在世界的哪个角落。非常高兴你们回来参加另一期节目，我们将继续解析二十几岁的心理学。

Hello, everybody, and welcome back to the psychology of your twenties, the podcast where we talk through some of the big life changes and transitions of our twenties and what they mean for our psychology. Hello, everybody. Welcome back to the show. Welcome back to the podcast, new listeners, old listeners, wherever you are in the world. It is so great to have you here back for another episode as we, of course, break down the psychology of our twenties.

今天，朋友们，是我们的第二期短小精悍的特别节目。如果你错过了第一期，我们正在尝试这种新的有趣形式，每期节目只有二十到二十五分钟。为那些时候，你知道，你只想快速获取一些信息，或者需要一个短途通勤的陪伴，或者当我们有话题不足以填满整整五十分钟到一小时的节目，但我仍然想讨论，仍然想和你们分享。所以欢迎。今天，我们将讨论这样一个话题——人格测试。

Today, my friends, is our second ever bite sized bonus episode. If you missed the first one, we are doing this, like, new fun format where episodes are just twenty to twenty five minutes. Something shorter for when, you know, you just want a little bit of an info dump, you just want something to accompany your shorter commute, or for when we have topics that don't necessarily fill a full 50 to one hour episode, but I still wanna talk about and I still wanna, you know, discuss with you guys. So welcome. Today, we are going to talk about one such topic which is personality tests.

从迈尔斯-布里格斯到五大性格特质，感觉我们经常被要求用一个四字母代码或一个词来定义自己。我们在二十几岁时尤其喜欢这些。我记得在大学时，大家围坐在餐桌旁，每个人都在做他们的16型人格测试。那绝对是一个我们对此非常着迷的时期，非常着迷于有人能直接告诉我们我们是谁的想法。它们几乎有点像星座。

From Myers Briggs to the big five, It feels like we are often asked to kind of define ourselves with a four letter code or a one word answer. We especially love them in our twenties. I remember sitting around the, like, the dinner table when I was at college and everyone was doing their 16 personalities quiz. It's definitely a time when we feel very drawn to this, very drawn to the idea that someone could just tell us who we were. They're kind of almost like zodiac signs.

就像，它们是理解自己和理解他人的捷径。你知道，也许你是个INFJ。也许你90%外向。也许你是建筑师。也许你是指挥官。

Like, they're a shortcut to understanding ourselves and to understanding others. You know, maybe you're an INFJ. Maybe you're 90% extrovert. Maybe you're the architect. Maybe you're the commander.

如果你曾做过性格测试，你就会明白我在说什么。那一刻会让人感到无比满足，仿佛有人递给你一本关于自己大脑的说明书。有人告诉你擅长什么、不擅长什么、需要注意什么。正如我所说，这种感觉妙不可言。

If you've ever done your personality test, you will know what I'm talking about with these. And for a moment that feels really really satisfying. Like someone just handed you the manual for your own brain. Someone told you what you're good at, told you what you're bad at, told you what to look out for. And that's like I said, that feels amazing.

但随之而来有几个重大问题。首先，真的能用区区30个问题就把一个人浓缩成四个字母吗？而且这真的是件好事吗？因为当我们开始对像人类身份这样复杂多变的事物进行分类时，就会遇到一些问题。对吧？

But there are a couple of big questions that come with that. Firstly, can you really can you really siphon everything about a person down into a four letter word using, what, 30 questions? And is that actually a good thing? Because the moment we start categorizing something that is as complex and fluid as human identity, we kind of run into a few problems. Right?

首先，这些测试真的靠谱吗？还是说它们只是在投其所好？其次，它们是否过于局限？能展现全貌吗？或者它们更像BuzzFeed小测验那样仅供娱乐？

Firstly, are these tests even legitimate? Are are they just giving people the answers that they want to hear? Secondly, are they totally restrictive? Are they like telling us the full picture? Or are they more just meant to be used for a little bit of fun like a BuzzFeed quiz?

这类测试的真正用途是什么？要回答这个问题，我们得先探讨这些测试的设计初衷。为什么我们如此痴迷它们？绝大多数（如果不是全部）测试都基于特质理论。特质理论本质上是通过心理学方法研究人类行为和性格，试图识别并测量每个个体的基本特征。

What's the real use for these kinds of tests? To answer that, we first have to talk about what these tests are actually trying to do and why. Why it is that we love them so much. So most of them, if not all of them, are based on the idea of trait theory. Now trait theory is basically a psychological approach to human behavior and human personality that attempts to identify and measure the fundamental characteristics of each individual.

其核心假设是：我们的性格（某种程度上包括身份认同）由一系列稳定的内在特质构成，这些特质影响我们的思想、情感和行为，且某种程度上是与生俱来的。当我们了解每个人的'配方'，就能理解他们的为人。这与某些其他著名人格理论有所不同。比如弗洛伊德的精神动力学理论认为人格由潜意识冲突驱动，人本主义理论则强调自我实现、满足与成长。

The core assumption here is that our personality and in a way our identity is made up of a set of stable internal traits that influence our thoughts, feelings and behaviors and that are kind of innate within us. And when we understand everyone's formula or everyone's recipe, we understand them as people. This is kind of different from some other famous ideas about personality. For example, psychodynamic theories like Freud's really suggest that personality is driven by unconscious conflicts. Humanistic theories kind of talk about self actualization and fulfillment and growth.

灵性理论谈论灵魂，但特质理论家会说：不，我们只需测量你身上恒定的部分。通过特定问题就能判断这些特质，然后——搞定收工。

Spiritual theories talk about the soul. But trait theorists really say, no. Let's just measure the consistent parts of who you are. I can tell what those things will be using certain questions, and there we go. We'll call it a day.

这就是你的本质。作为人类——我在播客里经常谈到这点——我们确实需要认知闭合和确定性。我们渴望明确的答案，尤其当未知涉及自我认知时。人性中的混沌令人窒息，在人生早期阶段尤其如此。

That's who you are. As humans, I've talked about this so often on the podcast. We do have, a need for cognitive closure and for certainty. So, basically, we desire, we crave firm answers, and we we don't love the unknown especially when those unknowns are about ourselves. You know the messiness of human personality is very overwhelming especially earlier on in life, know.

我是内向还是外向？我该做这个还是那个？为什么我感觉今天是这样的人，明天又变成另一个人？

Am I introverted? Am I extroverted? Should I do this? Should I do that? Why do I feel like I'm this person one day, this person the next?

测试给了我们清晰度的幻觉。它们递给我们一个标签，说这就是你。现在就这样表现吧。这不仅关乎清晰度，还关乎身份认同和归属感。如果你被归类为某种人格类型，我觉得你会突然意识到自己并不孤单。

Tests give us the illusion of clarity. They hand us a label and they say this is who you are. Now act that way. And it's not just about clarity but also about identity and belonging. If you're categorized into a personality type, I feel like you suddenly know you're not alone.

我确实有过这样的经历，在派对上有人提到，哦，你知道，我是INFJ或者ENF之类的。然后就会想，天啊，也许我们应该做朋友。或者朋友告诉你他们的人格类型，你就会想，哦，这就是证据。证明我们注定要在一起。

I've definitely had this experience of being at like a party and it's come up and someone says, oh, you know, I'm an INFJ or I'm an ENF, whatever it is. And it's like, oh my god. Maybe we should be friends. Or a friend tells you their personality type and you're like, oh, that's just proof. That's proof that we're meant to be together.

我们注定要联系在一起。这可以让人感到无比安慰。所以有时我觉得我们紧紧抓住这些人格标签，既是为了自我认同和自我理解，也是为了社会认同。但当然，如果我们过于依赖这些标签，我们可能会开始对自己形成非常肤浅、单一的认知，并忽视我们成长、变化和发展的方式。

We're meant to be bonded. And that can be incredibly comforting. So sometimes I think we cling onto these personality labels for a sense of identity and a sense of understanding of ourselves but also of social identity as well. But of course, of course, if we become too attached to the label we can start to develop this very surface level one dimensional view of us as people. And we can start to ignore the ways that we grow and we change and we develop.

在讨论不同类型的测试之前，我们需要理解心理测试中的两个基本概念。这不是心理学中最有趣、最炫目的部分，但却是最重要的部分。那就是信度和效度。它们基本上决定了测试、问卷或测量工具在试图告诉我们什么方面的好坏。信度指的是测试结果的一致性。

Before we get into the different types of tests we do need to understand two fundamental concepts in psychological testing. Not the most entertaining flashy part of psychology but one of the most important. These are reliability and validity. And they basically determine how good a test, how good a questionnaire, how good a measure is of what it's trying to tell us about. So reliability refers to the consistency of the test results.

一个可靠的测试每次给同一个人测试时，都会产生相同或非常相似的分数，假设基于特质理论，潜在的特质没有改变。这是这些人格测试所相信的关键部分。一个很好的类比是浴室秤。如果你连续站上去五次，每次显示的重量都不同，那它就是不可靠的。如果你做一个人格测试，每次结果都不同，那也是不可靠的。

A reliable test will produce the same or very similar scores each time a person takes it, assuming that based on trait theory, the underlying traits haven't changed. And that's a crucial part of what these personality tests believe. So a great analogy for this is a bathroom scale. If you step on it five times in a row and it gives you different weights every single time, it's unreliable. If you take a personality test and it gives you a different result every single time, it's also unreliable.

而效度则指的是测试的准确性。一个有效的测试测量的是它声称要测量的东西。回到秤的类比，如果秤是可靠的，每次都说你重，比如说九十公斤，但你的实际体重是七十公斤。这个秤是可靠的，它每次都告诉你九十公斤，但它是无效的。

Validity on the other hand refers to the accuracy of a test. A valid test measures what it claims to measure. Going back to the scale analogy, if the scale is consistent and it says you weigh, I don't know, ninety kilos every single time but your actual weight is seventy kilos. The scale is reliable. It's telling you ninety kilos, but it's not valid.

你实际体重是七十磅。可能是秤没校准好，或者这秤技术含量不高，但它总是给出错误数值。本质上，一项测试可以可靠但不一定有效。但若测试要被视为真正有效，它首先必须是可靠的。

You actually weigh seventy. Maybe it's not calibrated properly. Maybe it's like not a very high-tech scale, but it's consistently giving you the wrong number. A test basically can be reliable and not be valid. But for a test to be considered truly valid it has to firstly be reliable.

它必须每次给出相同结果，且该结果必须真实反映实际情况。现在我们掌握了这两个概念，来看看这些著名模型。谈及人格测量时，流行理论与科学验证之间存在巨大鸿沟。最具科学验证性的模型是大五人格理论，全球心理学入门课程都会教授这个。

It has to give you the same result every time and that result has to actually reflect something that is happening. Now that we have those two ideas let's look at some of these really famous models. When we talk about measuring personality, there's a huge divide actually between what is popular and what is scientifically backed. The model with the most scientific validation is the big five. I think this is taught in every intro to psychology course ever all over the world.

它也被称为五因素模型的缩写OCEAN（o-c-e-a-n）。其权威性源于实证基础——并非基于特定理论构建，不像某人先有理论再填补漏洞，而是经过数十年研究自然形成的。

It's also known by its five factor anagram OCEAN, o c e a n. Its legitimacy really stems from its empirical basis. So it wasn't created by a specific theory. It wasn't like someone had a theory and was like, let's fill in the gaps. It emerged naturally from decades and decades of research.

大五模型根源可追溯至1930年代心理学家戈登·奥尔波特，但直到90年代才通过后续研究者的工作得以确立。这些学者发现奥尔波特的初期成果后意识到其价值。跨文化研究反复证明，人格描述始终围绕五个宽泛维度聚类。OCEAN这个缩写帮助我们记忆：首先是开放性——你谨慎还是好奇？

Now the roots of the big five model can be traced back to the nineteen thirties, with the psychologist called Gordon Allport, but it really didn't solidify until the nineties through the works of other researchers who came along, found, Alport's initial findings, and were like, wait, there's something really good here. Through various different studies, like, various different cultures, they found that personality descriptions consistently clustered around five broad dimensions or areas. Now the acronym OCEAN helps us remember them. The first is openness to experience. Are you cautious or are you curious?

第二是尽责性——你井井有条属于A型人格，还是随遇而安的B型？外向性这个维度应该无需多解释。

The second is conscientiousness. Are you organized? Are you type a or are you type b and very easygoing kind of go with the flow? Extraversion. I think this one's pretty self explanatory.

你是外向合群还是离群索居？宜人性——你是否富有同情心？喜欢与人交友但避免挑起争端？还是时而疏离或容易煽动对立？

Are you outgoing or are you solitary? Agreeableness. Are you compassionate? Do you like to, you know, kind of do you like to make friends with people but also not stir the pot? Or are you sometimes a little bit detached or a little bit inflammatory?

最后是神经质（需注意这个术语现已过时）——你容易焦虑，还是从容自信？虽然术语陈旧，但它仍是该模型的重要组成部分。

And finally is neuroticism. Are you anxious or are you, I guess, anxiety free or confident? This is how they describe it. Neuroticism is kind of an outdated term now so bear that in mind. But it is an important part of this model.

这一模型之所以强大，是因为它基于光谱理论运作。所以你不是简单地被归类为外向或内向，不是非此即彼的社交达人或独行侠，也不是绝对的条理分明或随性洒脱。你可以稍微偏左一点，稍微偏右一点，或许恰好在中间。这种细微差别使得大五人格模型比那些刻板的类型划分系统要精确得多。

And the reason this model is powerful is because it works on spectrums. So you're not an extrovert or an introvert. You are not either outgoing or solitary, organized or easygoing. You can kind of be a little bit more to the left, a little bit more to the right, maybe right in the middle. The nuance makes the big five much more accurate than those rigid type based systems.

而且它通常更可靠，也更可能适用于大多数人。大五人格的另一个特点是，它已被证明能预测重要的人生结果。例如，尽责性高的人往往在学业和职业上表现更出色。而神经质得分高的人，则与更高的焦虑和抑郁水平相关。

And it's generally a lot more reliable and actually likely to apply to people. The other thing about the big five is that it has been shown to predict important life outcomes. For example, conscientious people tend to perform better academically and professionally. People high in neuroticism. This is linked to greater anxiety and depression.

外向性常常预示着更庞大的社交网络。因此它同样具有效度。但关键在于：它依然无法解释我们为何会成为现在的自己。它能描述现象，却无法阐明成因。

Extraversion often predicts larger social networks. So it's also valid. But here's the catch. It still doesn't tell us why we are the way we are. It describes it, it just can't explain it.

由于早期研究多基于西方文化（可以说几乎所有心理学工具都是如此），它可能无法完全捕捉文化差异。具体来说：大五人格主要使用英语人格描述词开发，并在心理学发源地美国和欧洲的受试者中测试。这意味着该模型反映的是个人主义文化视角——测试中隐含了大量对独立性、个人成就和自我表达的侧重，而有些人格特质的表达方式其实可能微妙得多。

And it may not capture culture differences fully since a lot of the early research was Western as is the case with, I would say, most if not all psychology tools. Here's what I mean by that. The big five was largely developed using English language personality descriptors and it was tested on participants in The US and in Europe where psychology really got its foothold. It means that the model reflects the cultural lens of individualism. Implicitly, there is a lot more focus within this test on independence, on personal achievement, on self expression when sometimes the way that our personality traits are expressed can be a lot more subtle.

人格也不仅仅是生物学决定的，对吧？它还受到文化的塑造。在东亚、非洲或拉丁美洲等更集体主义的文化中，某些特质可能表现不同或重要性各异。例如，心理学家所称的宜人性——合作、热情、富有同情心——在这些文化背景下可能并非个人特质。

Personality also isn't just biology. Right? It's also shaped by culture. In more collectivist cultures like many in East Asia, Africa, or Latin America, certain traits may look different or they matter differently. For example, what psychologists call agreeableness, being cooperative, warm, compassionate, that might not be an individual trait in those contexts.

它实际上可能是一种文化期待，是每个人被教导表达以维持和谐的行为。因此当你测量它时，你测量的并非人格本身，而是在测量一种文化规范。还有些特质根本无法完全契合五因素模型，幽默感就是其中之一。

It can actually be a cultural expectation, something that everyone is taught to express in order to maintain harmony. So when you measure it, you're not actually measuring personality. You're measuring a cultural norm. There are also traits that just don't fit neatly into the big five framework. Humor is one of them.

一些研究中国人格特质的学者还提出了第六个因素——人际关系性。它强调的不是外向性或宜人性，而是尊重、履行群体角色和维持和谐。这正是五因素模型所缺乏的细微差异，因为该模型创建时的文化背景并不包含这些维度。所以尽管五因素模型在某些文化中复现良好，它并非完全失效，但很可能不是全貌。它确实遗漏了人格在价值观、传统和社会角色与西方社会存在本质差异的社会中如何表达的某些微妙之处。

Some researchers also studying personality traits within China have argued for a sixth factor called interpersonal relatedness. Which emphasizes not so much being extroverted or being agreeable but respect, fulfilling one's role in the group and maintaining harmony. That is something that the big five just doesn't have the nuances to necessarily or explicitly capture because it wasn't part of the cultural context in which the model was created. So whilst the big five does replicate pretty well across certain cultures, it's not like it totally fails, it's probably not the whole story. It really does miss some of the nuances of how personality expresses itself in societies where values, traditions, and social roles are just innately different from those in the West.

这非常重要，因为性格并非孤立存在。它关乎你在所处社区及环境中的表现。现在进入重点，我们来谈谈迈尔斯-布里格斯性格分类指标（MBTI）。你可能听说过它，这个工具被广泛应用于职场培训、交友软件等各种场景。

And that's really important because personality doesn't occur in isolation. It's about how you show up in the communities and the context around you. Now for the big one, let's talk about the Myers Briggs Type Indicator. The MBTI, you've probably heard of it. It's used in so many different contexts in workplace training, on dating apps.

社交媒体上随处可见它的广告，感觉人人都做过这个测试。它会给出四个字母的代码，比如ENFP、ISTJ、INFJ之类。通常还会告诉你哪些名人是这种性格类型，并赋予你一个标签，比如'建筑师'、'指挥官'、'调停者'或'主人公'。

It's advertised on social media. I feel like everyone's done this. It's the one that gives you the four letter code. So e n f p I s t j a I n f j. And then it also often will give you, like, the celebrities that this personality type is like, and it will give you a name, like a a label, like the architect or the commander or the peacemaker or the protagonist.

我在录制这期节目前刚重新做了测试，想确认自己的类型。结果是ENFJ——'主人公'类型。我特意想看看结果是否和记忆中的一致，确实如此。

I did mine right before recording this episode just to, like, remind myself of what mine was. And I am an ENFJ, the protagonist. So there you go. I had to I wanted to see if it was it still reflected what I remembered it being before, and it did. So that's mine.

接下来我们要探讨MBTI的起源故事，这非常有趣。请别走开，广告之后马上回来。亲爱的听众们，你们知道，越了解自身和身体运作机制，我们就越能掌控人生。

What we're gonna do is talk about where the Myers Briggs Type Indicator was developed because it is such an interesting story. So stay with us. We'll be right back after this short break. Hello, my lovely listeners. By now, you know, the more knowledge we have about ourselves and the way our bodies work, the more empowered and in control we are.

性健康领域同样如此，比如无保护性行为后的应对措施。这时就需要'事后避孕药'Plan B——这种无年龄限制的紧急避孕药能在怀孕发生前进行预防。由于它仅暂时延迟排卵，不会影响未来受孕能力。我们钟爱这种让我们掌握主动权的备选方案，因为知识就是力量。

And this is also true when it comes to our sexual health and what to do after unprotected sex. That's where plan B comes in. It's emergency contraception with no age requirement that helps prevent pregnancy before it starts. And because it works by only temporarily delaying ovulation, it won't impact your ability to get pregnant in the future. We love a backup plan that puts us in control because the more we know, the more power we have.

详情请访问planb1step.com。用户引导完毕。

Learn more at planb1step.com. Users directed.

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Make parking the easiest part of your night with Park Wiz. Reserve ahead and roll right in so you can enjoy the show, the game, or a night out without circling for parking. Save up to 50% off a secured space and skip the stress. Smarter parking starts here. Download the Park Wiz app today.

当达美航空派遣四位创作者环游世界，去探索旅行的真正力量时会发生什么？我想这帮助我某种程度上找到了内心的平静。

What happens when Delta Air Lines sends four creators around the world to find out what is the true power of travel? I think it helped me sort of, like, get grounded.

我觉得我实现了一些童年梦想。

I think I unlocked some, like, childhood dream.

将压力转化为兴奋。把那些经历中的感恩带入日常生活。这就是为什么我联系了亨利·廷博士，达美的首席健康与福祉官，也是这次旅行实验背后的关键声音。旅行总体上会带给你社交、文化、心理和情感上的拓展。

Turn my stress into excitement. Take that gratitude from those experiences into your daily life. That's why I connected with doctor Henry Ting, Delta's chief health and wellness officer and instrumental voice behind this travel experiment. Traveling in general is gonna give you that social and cultural and psychological and emotional expansion.

是的。你知道，在达美，我们喜欢说没有人能更好地连接世界。这不仅是将人们与目的地连接起来，更是将人与人、与其他文化连接起来，最终带来无法复制的体验。

Yeah. You know, at Delta, we like to say no one better connects the world. It's connecting not just people to destinations. It's connecting people to other people, other cultures, and ultimately, experiences that can't really be replicated.

在本期由达美航空呈现的《二十几岁的心理学》特别节目中，了解更多关于旅行如何支持身心健康的信息。飞得更好，活得更好。在您获取播客的任何地方收听。

Find out more about how travel can support well-being on this special episode of the psychology of your twenties presented by Delta. Fly and live better. Listen wherever you get your podcasts.

你可曾带着你的魔法来到华特迪士尼世界，仿佛在说：嘿，我们来玩了？你可曾向克里奥尔公主行屈膝礼，或正式地变得古灵精怪？像老板一样挺身而出拯救世界？或见识生命之树下的生活？你可曾？

Have you ever brought your magic to Walt Disney World like, hey, we came to play? Did you tip your tiara to a creole princess or get goofy officially? Step up like a boss and save the day? Or see what life's like under the tree of life? Did you?

如果可以，你愿意吗？当我们到来时，那是真正的魔法，因为我们来玩了。在华特迪士尼世界度假区带来魔法。

If you could, would you? When we come through, it's true magic because we came to play. Bring the magic at Walt Disney World Resort.

最近我的生活简直一团糟。眼下有这么多事情在同时进行——朋友的婚礼、我的新书巡回签售、还要搬家。我根本没时间刮胡子。这时Nair沐浴脱毛膏就派上用场了，它帮我节省了大量时间，而且闻起来还很香。Nair是排名第一的脱毛品牌，效果有保障。

My life has been chaotic recently to say the least. And with so many events going on at the moment, my friend's weddings, my book tour, I'm also moving house. The last thing I have time for is shaving. That is where Nair's shower cream comes in because it saves me so much time and bonus, it also smells delicious. Nair is the number one hair removal brand, so you know their stuff works.

他们的沐浴脱毛膏采用天然萃取香料，比如椰子油、杏仁油、薰衣草，香气怡人。速度快到和你冲澡时间差不多，甚至更快。使用也超级简单。对我来说最重要的是，它不含染料、对羟基苯甲酸酯、邻苯二甲酸盐和硫酸盐，经过皮肤科医生测试，这可能就是为什么我的皮肤用完会如此丝滑。

And their hair removal shower cream uses natural extracts for its scents, so things like coconut oil, almond oil, lavender. They smell delicious. It's fast, like the length of your shower fast, maybe even quicker. And it's super easy to use as well. It's also, and this is a big thing for me, free of dyes, parabens, phthalates, sulfates and dermatologist tested, which is probably why it leaves my skin feeling so insanely silky.

我厌倦刮胡子的另一个原因是：我讨厌不小心割伤皮肤，而且总觉得会漏掉某些部位。所以我在想，这到底有什么意义？但使用Nair沐浴脱毛膏就完全没这些问题。

Here's the other reason I've been really over shaving. I hate when I end up like cutting or nicking my skin. And I also feel like I end up missing spots anyway. So I'm kind of like, what's the whole point of this? But with Nair's shower cream, I have never had that problem.

你们真该亲自试试。前几天朋友来我家，看到浴室里放着这个产品都很好奇。他们试用时本来带着玩笑心态，但我很确定最后所有人都把它加进了购物清单，因为效果确实好。这就是Nair沐浴脱毛膏。

I just need you to try it out for yourself. My friends were actually over the other day and I had some in my shower and they were like, what is this? And they tried it out. Almost as a joke, but I'm fairly sure all of them left with that on their shopping list because that stuff works. Nair's hair removal shower cream.

为夏天做好准备吧。现在各大零售商均有销售。MBTI性格测试其实有个非常有趣的起源故事，这是我最喜欢的心理学起源故事之一。它并非由心理学家开发，而是由一对母女——凯瑟琳·库克·布里格斯和她的女儿伊莎贝尔·布里格斯·迈尔斯共同创立的。

Get ready for summer. You can buy it now at all major retailers. The Myers Briggs actually has a really interesting origin story. It is one of my favorite origin stories in psychology. It was developed, actually, not by a psychologist, but by a mother daughter duo, Catherine Cook Briggs and her daughter Isabel Briggs Myers.

凯瑟琳是位作家，她对人格研究非常着迷。1920年代，她偶然接触到卡尔·荣格的著作（我们经常提到这位著名的瑞士精神分析学家，儿童心理疗愈和青少年心理疗愈理论都源自他）。

Catherine was a writer, and she was really fascinated by personality. And in the nineteen twenties, she stumbled upon the work of Carl Jung. We talk about him all the time. He's a very famous Swiss psychoanalyst. He's like where in a child healing and in a teen healing comes from.

荣格提出人类存在不同的心理类型，比如内向vs外向、思考vs情感。他提出这些概念是为了帮助人们理解自我与世界。凯瑟琳深受启发，决定将这些理论转化为实用工具。二战期间，伊莎贝尔·迈尔斯·布里格斯看到了机遇。

And he basically proposed that people have different personality or psychological types. So introversion versus extroversion or thinking versus feeling. And he introduced those to help people kind of make sense of themselves and make sense of the world. She was so inspired by his ideas that she decided to take them and adapt them into something that was practical and accessible. Now during World War two, Isabel Myers Briggs saw an opportunity.

她认为这样的测试可能有助于初次进入职场的女性，帮助她们找到与天生性格相匹配的工作。因为显然在当时，所有年轻男性/男性都奔赴战场，留下了巨大的劳动力缺口，女性填补了这一空缺，而她们中许多人从未工作过。于是她和母亲进一步发展了这一理念和问卷，将人们根据荣格的原型理论分为16种人格类型。她们还进一步简化为四组二元对立维度。因此，在这四个维度上的位置将决定你在16种人格类型中的归属。

She thought a test like this could be useful in helping women who were entering the workforce for the first time and help them match with jobs that suited their natural personality. Because obviously at the time, all of the young men slash men were away at war and there was this huge whole left like this huge labor demand and women filled it and a lot of them had never worked before. So she and her mother began further developing this idea and this questionnaire that would sort people into 16 personality types based on Jung's original theory. And they also simplified them yet again into four dichotomies. So where you sat on these four scales would help determine obviously where you sat in the 16 personality types.

首先是外向型与内向型。这几乎是所有性格测试都会涉及的基本维度。接着是实感型与直觉型——这本质上是关于你如何接收信息。实感型往往关注具体、实际且基于五感的事物。

So we have extraversion versus introversion. That is basically in every single personality type like test you can think of. Sensing versus intuition. This was basically how you take on information. Senses often focus on what is concrete and practical and grounded in the five senses.

即当下的事实与细节。而直觉型则更关注模式、抽象概念和直觉感受。然后是思考型与情感型——这描述你如何做决策。思考型偏好客观性、一致性和逻辑，而情感型更重视价值观、共情与和谐。

So the facts, the details of the here and now. Intuitives on the other hand are more interested in patterns, abstract ideas, gut feelings. Then we have thinking versus feeling. This describes how you make decisions. Thinkers prefer objectivity, consistency and logic whereas feelers prioritize values, empathy and harmony.

最后是判断型与感知型——这是你应对外部世界的方式。判断型喜欢结构、计划和确定性，感知型则倾向于灵活性、保持自发性和随遇而安。当你确定自己在每个维度的倾向后，组合起来就得到一个四字母人格类型。

And finally judging versus perceiving. This is how you approach the external world. Judges like structure, schedule, closure. Perceivers prefer flexibility, keeping things spontaneous, kind of going with the flow. So once you figure out which category you have preferences for from each section, come you combine them and you basically get a four letter personality type.

例如，如果你更内向、偏好具体事实、依据价值观做决策、且喜欢有条理的生活，你就是ISFJ型。这种分类据说能凸显你的优势与性格盲点。它既非常具体个人化，又相当宽泛——毕竟全球70亿人只有16种类型。按比例算，会有许多人与你共享相同人格类型。

For example, if you are more introverted, more likely to like concrete facts, more likely to make decisions aligned with values, and had a preference for for an organized life, you would be an ISFJ. It supposedly highlights your strengths and also your blind spots of your personality. And so it is very specific and personal, but it's also quite general as well. Obviously, there's only 16 and there are 7,000,000,000 people in the world. If we did the math, like, you're gonna have a couple of brothers and sisters in in your pack like who have the same personality type as you.

到1940年代，MBTI开始商业化推广，真正进入商业、教育甚至婚恋领域。但关键在于：尽管广受欢迎，MBTI从未经过严格科学验证。凯瑟琳母女并非专业心理学家，而荣格的原理论也更像隐喻哲学而非实证研究。

So by the nineteen forties, this was when it really became available commercially and really began to spread into business, education, and even dating culture. But here is the catch. Whilst it has become really popular, the MBTI was never actually built on any kind of rigorous scientific testing. Catherine and Isabelle, you know, they weren't trained psychologists. And Jung's original theory, it was much more like metaphorical and philosophical rather than empirical.

这种不牢固的理论基础正是迈尔斯-布里格斯类型指标在科学界始终存在争议的部分原因。研究表明它的可靠性较低——约50%的人在数周后重测会得到不同结果，这也是许多心理学家不认可它的重要依据。

And that shaky foundation is kind of part of why the Myers Briggs has always been a little bit controversial in the scientific community. And that's where some of the criticism comes in. In a lot of cases, psychologists don't take the Myers Briggs seriously. Studies show it has low reliability. About fifty percent of people will get a different result when they retake it within weeks.

这是个问题。它不能作为客观的科学衡量标准。此外，它迫使你归入某一类别，尽管现实中人类远比这复杂得多。因此，它通常并不能真正衡量它试图衡量的内容，因为它缺乏灵活性。

That's a problem. It can't be used as an objective scientific measure. Plus, it forces you into one category or another even though realistically humans are a lot more nuanced than that. So it doesn't really typically measure what it's trying to measure because it doesn't yeah. Again, allow for flexibility.

那为什么它如此受欢迎？我们可以将其归因于所谓的巴纳姆或福勒效应。巴纳姆或福勒效应指的是模糊、奉承的陈述让人感觉个人准确性。想想你的星座运势。

So why is it so popular? We might put this down to something called the Barnum or Fora effect. Barnum or Fora. That's when vague, flattering statements feel personally accurate. Think about your horoscope.

你这周的星座运势可能会说类似这样的话：你有时会怀疑自己，但内心深处，你知道自己有独特的使命。我并不是在贬低星座运势。我其实很喜欢它们，但这类话几乎适用于所有人。而迈尔斯-布里格斯类型描述也是以类似方式撰写的。它们宽泛到几乎适合任何自认为是外向者、认为自己深思熟虑、或出于某种忠诚或理由希望成为那种人格类型的人。

Your horoscope for this week might say something like, you sometimes doubt yourself, but deep down, you know you have a unique purpose. I'm not bashing horoscopes here. I really enjoy them, but that kind of applies to literally everyone. And the Myers Briggs type descriptions are written in a similar way. They're broad enough to fit almost anyone who sees themselves as being an extrovert, sees themselves as being thoughtful, who has some kind of allegiance or you know reason to want to be that personality type.

所以当你给他们一条信息，说你是这样的，这个人能做到这些，他们在那些方面非常出色时，当然每个人都会说，是的。如果我是那样的，那就意味着我很棒，我有能力。这实际上是我的测试结果中的一个陈述。ENFJ，这是我的结果。

So of course when you give them a piece of information that says you are this and this person is capable of this and they're incredible at that. Everyone's gonna be like, yeah. And if I am that, that means I'm great and I'm capable. Here's one such statement from my results actually. ENFJ, this was my result.

它是这样说的：你对个人成长的追求源于自我提升的渴望和成为最好版本的真诚承诺。我不知道你怎么想，但这难道不是适用于每一个有目标或想要提升自己的人吗？这并不一定是坏事。你知道，它之所以能引起共鸣，不是因为它在科学上站得住脚，而是因为它帮助人们表达了自己内心的某些东西。

This is what it said. Your journey of personal growth is fueled by a desire for self improvement and a genuine commitment to becoming the best version of yourself. I I don't know about you, but doesn't that apply to literally everyone who has ever had a goal or wants to better themselves? That's not necessarily a bad thing. You know, it resonates with people not because it's scientifically sound, but because it helps people articulate something in themselves.

这并不糟糕，但重要的是要更多地将其视为一种讲故事的工具。它同样有价值，但不一定是科学的。不过，如果它能引起你的共鸣，并为你提供一些指导或安慰，我认为没什么问题。我觉得它很有趣。问题在于我们过于认真对待它。

That's not terrible, but it's just important to see it more as that storytelling tool. That can be just as valuable, but it's not necessarily scientific. You know, but though, again, if it resonates with you and it provides you with some guidance or comfort, like, I don't see the problem. I really think it's just a lot of fun. The issue is when we take it too seriously.

当我们让这些框框限制我们时。如果你相信我是个内向的人，因此我不能领导，或者我更神经质，因此我总是焦虑，你开始限制自己，这些标签可能成为自我实现的预言。但另一方面，如果明智地使用，这些测试为你提供了语言来描述你对自己感受到但从未表达出来的东西。它们还可以帮助你识别你喜欢自己的哪些方面。

When we let those boxes contain us. If you believe I'm an introvert therefore I can't lead or I'm more neurotic therefore I will always be anxious, you start limiting yourself and these labels can become self fulfilling prophecies. But here's the flip side. Used wisely, these tests give you language to describe things that you felt about yourself but never articulated. They also could help you identify what you like about yourself.

你所认为的内在优势。在我们结束前，这是我的主要观点。人格测试如同地图，极其有用，能帮你定位自我。

What you think of as an asset within you. So as we wrap up, here's my main takeaway. Personality tests are like maps. A map is super useful. It helps you orient yourself.

它能帮你认清所处位置或前进路径。但若你一直埋头盯着地图，实际上就无法真正享受沿途风景、体验生活历程，也无法尝试自我挑战或发现地图未标注的隐秘小径。归根结底，世上每个人都比四个字母的性格分类复杂得多。你是个不断进化的人类，会因环境、经历和成长而改变。

It helps you see where you might be or paths forward. But if you have your head down and you're constantly looking at the map, you are actually not going to really enjoy the scenery and enjoy your way through life and enjoy how you can test yourself and how you may find little back roads that the map doesn't tell you about. At the end of the day every single person on this earth is more nuanced than four letters. You are a constantly evolving human being. You change depending on your environment, your experiences, your growth.

正是这些特质让你充满魅力且富有人性。所以尽管做测试吧，我觉得它们非常有趣。用来反思自我，用来与他人建立联系，但别让它们限制你。

That's what makes you interesting and human. So take the tests. I think they're super super fun. Use them to reflect. Use them to connect with other people, but don't let them limit you.

今天时间就到这里。和上次的特别节目一样，如果你们有其他理论、话题或概念想让我探讨，请务必告诉我。一如既往，感谢我们的研究助理Libby Colbert在幕后的辛勤付出，我们非常感激她。也感谢大家收听本期播客。

That's all we have time for today. Just like my last bonus episode, do let me know if you have other theories or topics or concepts you want me to dive into next. As always, thank you to our research assistant, Libby Colbert, for all the effort and work she puts in behind the scenes. We appreciate her so much. And thank you for listening to the podcast.

如果你听到这里，请在下方留言你的迈尔斯-布里格斯类型。我想知道大家都是什么类型，看看是否存在某种突出模式会很有趣。下次节目前，请注意安全，善待他人，也温柔对待自己。周五我们将带来完整版节目，很快再聊。

If you made it this far, drop your drop your Myers Briggs down below. I wanna know what everyone is. I think it would be super interesting to see if there's like a certain pattern or a certain a certain one that rises to the surface. Until next time, stay safe, be kind, be gentle to yourself, and we will be back with a full length episode on Friday. Talk to you very soon.

亲爱的听众朋友们，你们已经明白：我们对自身和身体运作机制了解越多，就越能掌控人生。这在性健康和无保护性行为后的应对上同样适用——Plan B紧急避孕药因此诞生。它无年龄限制，能在怀孕发生前进行预防。

Hello, my lovely listeners. By now, you know, the more knowledge we have about ourselves and the way our bodies work, the more empowered and in control we are. And this is also true when it comes to our sexual health and what to do after unprotected sex. That's where plan B comes in. It's emergency contraception with no age requirement that helps prevent pregnancy before it starts.

由于它仅通过暂时延迟排卵发挥作用，不会影响未来受孕能力。我们喜爱这种让我们掌握主动权的备用方案，因为知识越多，力量越大。详情请访问planb1step.com（面向指定用户）。

And because it works by only temporarily delaying ovulation, it won't impact your ability to get pregnant in the future. We love a backup plan that puts us in control because the more we know, the more power we have. Learn more at planb1step.com users directed.

让Park Wiz为您解决停车难题，成为夜晚最轻松的一环。提前预订，直接驶入，无需兜圈寻找车位，尽情享受演出、比赛或夜生活。预订固定车位可享高达50%优惠，告别停车压力。智慧停车从此开始。立即下载Park Wiz应用。

Make parking the easiest part of your night with Park Wiz. Reserve ahead and roll right in so you can enjoy the show, the game, or a night out without circling for parking. Save up to 50% off a secured space and skip the stress. Smarter parking starts here. Download the Park Wiz app today.

敬请观看Hulu正在热播的《合理怀疑》新季。洛杉矶最成功的律师杰克·斯图尔特为一名被控谋杀的年轻演员辩护。跟随艾米·亚兹·科林纳尔迪、莫里斯·切斯特纳特、约瑟夫·樱井，以及客串明星卡什达尔和洛瑞·哈维，在年度最轰动的审判聚光灯下展开个人抗争。追求正义，每一步都至关重要。《合理怀疑》第三季现已在Hulu及迪士尼捆绑套餐的Hulu频道上线。

Check out the new season of reasonable doubt now streaming on Hulu. LA's most successful attorney, Jack Stewart, defends a young actor accused of murder. Follow Emi Yazi Corinaldi, Morris Chestnut, Joseph Sakura, and guest stars Cashdahl and Lori Harvey as they fight their personal battles in the spotlight of the year's most sensational trial. In pursuit of justice, every move counts. Reasonable Doubt season three, now streaming on Hulu and Hulu on Disney plus for bundle subscribers.

条款适用。

Terms apply.

希尔思宠物营养深知宠物主人的愧疚感真实存在——离家太久、陪伴太少、搬新家、添新宝宝、在它们睡得正香时吵醒、耐心耗尽、零食见底。

At Hill's Pet Nutrition, we know that pet parent guilt is real. Leaving too long, playing too little. New homes, new babies, waking them up when they look so comfy. Running out of patience, running out of treats.

启动吸尘器。你

Running the vacuum. You

能做的终究有限。因此希尔思用科学营养助您超越人力所限，给予更多关爱。正因为人力有时而穷，所以有了希尔思。访问hillspet.com寻找适合的食品，科学成就更多可能。

can only do so much. That's why there's Hill's, Nutrition to help you give more love than humanly possible. Because you're only human, there's Hill's. Find the right food at hill'spet.com/science does more.

我是《与艾米和凯特共情》的艾米·布朗。IsoPure蛋白粉助您专注重要事物——比如通过美味的高蛋白低碳水营养，每天保持最佳状态。从未如此简单。我每日食用IsoPure无味蛋白粉，初次尝试后已补货三次。实际上应该是四次，因为我女儿带了一包去她父亲家。

This is Amy Brown from Feeling Things with Amy and Kat. IsoPure protein helps you focus on more of what matters, like feeling your best every day with great tasting nutrition that's high protein and low carb. It's never been simpler. I use IsoPure unflavored protein every day, and I have already restocked three times since first trying it. Actually, I think I've bought it four times now because my daughter took a bag of it to her dad's house.

含有25克超滤蛋白质，您可以将其添加到鳄梨酱、意面酱等各种食物中。它能让所有食物更美味。今天就访问isapyrprotein.com，享受更多重要时刻，结账时使用优惠码MINDS20可享8折优惠。

With 25 grams of ultra filtered protein, you can add it to things like guacamole, pasta sauce, and more. It tastes great on everything. Enjoy more of what matters today at isapyrprotein.com and get 20% off your order when you use code MINDS 20 at checkout. This

这里是iHeart播客节目。

is an iHeart podcast.