444. 中国第一位皇帝

因此，基本上，孔子及其追随者们教导这些王国的统治者们：只要你们这样做，和谐就会实现。

And so, basically, this is what Confucius and Confucian scholars who follow him are teaching the rulers of these various kingdoms is that if you do this, then harmony will prevail.

但当然，这个问题在于，孔子说你不能通过暴力来重建统一。

But, of course, the problem with that Yeah.

孔子说，你不能通过暴力来重建统一。

Is that Confucius is saying you can't reconstitute the unity through violence.

但当然，我说这简直是胡说八道。

But, of course, I mean, that's a nonsense.

唯一能做到的方式就是通过暴力。

That's the only way you can do it, is through violence.

是的。

Yeah.

所以孔子生活的时代，大约是公元前551年到公元前479年左右。

So Confucius Tom is living, what is he, May to kind of April or thereabouts BC.

他生活在第一位皇帝之前两百年，那个时期充满了混乱、无政府状态，以及周朝继承国之间持续不断的战争。

So he is two hundred years before the first emperor, and that period is one of chaos, anarchy, you know, constant war between the successor states to the Zhu dynasty.

正如你所说，唯一能把它们融合在一起的方式就是通过武力。

And as you say, the only way they can be welded together is through force.

对吧？

Right?

没错。

Right.

我的意思是，这是一个非常暴力、充满侵略性的世界。

I mean, this is a very violent, aggressive world.

没错。

Right.

因为这七个国王中的哪一个会说，是的。

Because which of these seven kings is going to say, yeah.

好吧。

Alright.

让我们进入一个哲学家的时代吧。

Let's have a philosopher's age.

我们都退下。

We'll all stand down.

这不可能发生。

That's just not gonna happen.

是的。

Yeah.

于是，这位将成为第一位皇帝的人登场了。

So this is where the man who will become the first emperor steps in.

因为正如我们将看到的，他根本不是儒家信徒。

Because as we will see, he is very much not a Confucian.

他信奉一种截然不同的意识形态，一种完全不同的治国方式。

He subscribes to a very different ideology, a very different approach to rulership.

我认为我们应该在此时休息一下。

And I think we should take a break at this point.

当我们回来时，就会看看他做了什么。

And when we come back, we'll look and see what he did.

太棒了。

Brilliant.

而且这一切都非常残酷。

And it's all quite brutal.

哦，我非常期待。

Oh, I look forward to it.

休息结束后回来，看看什么是残酷。

Come back after the break for some brutality.

他挥动长鞭，驱使整个宇宙随他前行。

Cracking his long whip, he drove the universe before him.

他登上了权力的巅峰，统治四方，以棍棒惩戒天下，他的威势震撼四海。

He ascended to the summit of power and ruled the six directions, scourging the world with his rod, and his might shook the four seas.

在南方，他夺取了土地，那里的诸侯低首称臣，颈挂绳索，乞求活命。

In the South, he seized the land, and the lords there bowed their heads, hung halters from their necks, and pleaded for their lives.

随后，他命大将蒙恬修筑长城，守卫边疆，使蛮夷再也不敢南下放牧，其民也不敢执兵器报复仇恨。

Then he caused general Meng to build the great wall and defend the borders so that the barbarians no longer dared to come south to pasture their horses, and their men dared not take up arms to avenge their hatred.

于是，他抛弃了先王的治国之道，焚烧了诸子百家的典籍，以使百姓愚昧无知。

Thereupon, he discarded the ways of the former kings and burned the writings of the 100 schools in order to make the people ignorant.

他收缴了全国的兵器，运到首都，将矛头和箭镞熔化。

He collected all the arms of the empire and had them brought to his capital where the spears and arrowheads were melted down.

他派遣精锐的将领和熟练的弓箭手驻守战略要地，并安排可信的大臣和训练有素的士兵持械守卫国土，盘查所有过往行人。

He garrisoned the strategic points with skilled generals and expert bowmen and stationed trusted ministers and well trained soldiers to guard the land with arms and questioned all who passed back and forth.

这是贾谊在《过秦论》中的论述，这里讨论的是中国第一位皇帝，实际上把他描绘得听起来相当可怕。

Now that was Jia Yi in the Faults of Jin, so this is discussing the first emperor of China and actually makes him sound, Tom, like a pretty terrifying figure.

所以这听起来像是一个警察国家，不是吗？

So sounds like a bit of a police state there, doesn't it?

每个人都被盘问过。

That everybody's been questioned.

是的。

Yes.

每个路口都有士兵把守。

There are soldiers at every crossing.

由于旧书被毁，人民陷入了无知之中。

The people have been plunged into ignorance because of the destruction of their old books.

这封信是在他去世约五十年后写成的。

And that was written about fifty years after his death.

是的。

Yeah.

贾谊是个爱鸟之人。

And Jie Yi is a bird lover.

所以他写了一篇关于猫头鹰的论文。

So he he writes a a treatise on the owl.

对。

Right.

猫头鹰的美，我觉得这很棒。

The beauties of the owl, which I I think is great.

喜欢猫头鹰。

Love an owl.

是的

Yep.

但他也是一个儒家学者。

But he's also a Confucian.

他在这里对皇帝表现出的敌意，实际上是借助儒家理想，来批评秦始皇的不足。

And the hostility that he's displaying to the emperor there, he's drawing on kind of Confucian ideals and finding the first emperor wanting.

不过，我认为，其中也带有一种勉强的尊重，你觉得呢？

Although, I think I mean, I think there is a measure of kind of grudging respect there as well, don't you think?

是的

Yeah.

我的意思是，这有效地凸显了他的至高无上，不是吗？

I mean, it stresses his omnipotence effectively, doesn't it?

是的

Yeah.

但我认为，这是最早明确表达出一种贯穿中国历史的儒家核心主题的言论：秦始皇通过有意识地践踏儒家理想来确立自己的至高地位。

But I think it's the earliest articulation of what will become a kind of prime Confucian theme running throughout Chinese history that the first emperor had established his supremacy by consciously trampling on Confucian ideals.

由于历史通常是由儒家学者撰写的，我认为要获得一个不受这种批评影响的秦始皇本人的形象非常困难。

And because the history tends to be written by Confucians, it's quite difficult, I think, to have a a sense of the first emperor himself that isn't clouded by that criticism.

所以，这又让我们联想到罗马的类比。

So it's, again, looking at the kind of Roman parallel.

这就像是元老院成员在撰写关于早期凯撒的记载。

It's like senators writing about the early Caesars.

是的。

Yeah.

这种敌意是根深蒂固的。

It's the hostility is baked in.

没错。

Right.

这就是我们对他的印象。

So that's our sense of this guy.

有趣的是，在整个播客中，我们一直称他为‘这家伙’或‘第一位皇帝’，但很少提到他的本名，部分原因是他名字在不同时期有所变化，对吧？

Now interestingly, throughout this podcast, we've called him this bloke or the first emperor, But we haven't really used his name very much, and that's partly because his name changes, doesn't it, over time?

是的。

It does.

你把他比作奥古斯都。

So you compared him to Augustus.

是的。

Yeah.

奥古斯都特别喜欢改名字，而第一位皇帝也非常相似。

And Augustus was a great one for changing his name, and the first emperor is is very similar.

他的本名似乎是‘中’，多米尼克，你知道的，

His birth name seems to have been the Zhong, which, Dominic, as you'll know Yeah.

当然。

Of course.

意思是正直或得体的。

Means kind of upright or proper.

正确。

Correct.

是的

Yeah.

正直或蕴含正直的含义，汤姆，对于真正的语言学者来说，我认为是这样。

Righteous or implication of rectitude there, Tom, for people who are real linguistic scholars, I think.

是的。

Yes.

正是如此。

Exactly so.

他是秦王和一位妾室的儿子。

And he is the son of the king of Chin and a concubine.

在他去世后的几十年内，开始出现敌对的儒家传统，声称他的父亲曾是人质，这在我看来完全合理，你知道的，当他年轻的时候。

And within decades of his death, you're starting to get hostile Confucian traditions that says that his father had been a hostage, which I guess is entirely plausible, you know, when he was a young man.

而在他作为人质期间，他结交了一位商人，而儒家对商人抱有极度的蔑视。

And that while he was hostage, he had befriended a merchant, and Confucians regard merchants with the utmost contempt.

是的。

Yeah.

所以这是一件糟糕的事。

So this is terrible thing.

他们从事商业。

They're in trade.

很普通。

Common.

他们从事商业。

They're in trade.

而这位商人将他的一位妾室送给了未来的秦王，这位妾室将成为他的母亲。

And this merchant had given one of his concubines to the future king of Chin, and this concubine will be his mother.

尽管后来出现了更为敌对的儒家传统，进一步声称秦王实际上是这位商人与其妾室的儿子，因此出身完全正当。

Although there are much later, again, very hostile Confucian traditions to go a step further and say that actually the king of Chin was the son of this merchant and his concubine and therefore was entirely legitimate.

正当。

Legitimate.

因此你可以看到，这是一种刻意试图抹黑他的做法。

So you can see there a kind of deliberate attempt to try and blacken him.

是的

Yeah.

所以他在二月成为秦王。

So he becomes king of Qin in February.

他只有13岁，仍然非常年轻。

He's only 13, so still very young.

他是这个极其强大的国家的继承人。

And he is heir to this very, very kind of formidable state.

我们之前将它比作罗马，或者腓力二世和亚历山大的马其顿，它们征服了希腊诸国。

We compared it earlier to to Rome or to the Macedon of Philip the second and Alexander that conquers the Greek states.

他们有着非常强烈的军事思维，几乎达到斯巴达式的坚韧，技术上也非常先进。

They have a very, very militaristic cast of mind, almost kind of Spartan level of toughness, very advanced technologically.

因此，他们发展出了一种特别致命的弩。

So they've developed particularly lethal brand of crossbow.

他们拥有庞大且训练有素的军队。

They have these huge well trained armies.

任何看过《英雄》的人都会记得，当秦军逼近时，大地震颤的惊人场景。

Anyone who has seen hero will remember the incredible scene where the earth shakes as the the army of the Qin approaches.

因此，在仲出生仅仅四年后，秦就开启了他们的征服进程，特别是针对周王室残存的领地。

And so already only four years after Zhong has been born in February, the Qin have embarked on their process of conquest, and specifically, they have targeted what remains of the patrimony of the Jew dynasty.

这个非常古老、备受尊敬的王朝，是的。

So this very, very ancient, highly respected dynasty Yeah.

它早已存在了数个世纪之久。

That had existed for centuries and centuries before.

秦军长驱直入，彻底灭绝了他们。

And the Qin have marched in and have extinguished them.

没错。

Right.

从军事角度看，他们极具威胁；但从儒家立场来看，他们也同样令人畏惧，因为他们的治国理念刻意违背了孔子的假设——即仁政与恪守正确礼仪就足以带来和谐。

And so they're very menacing from a kind of military point of view, but they are also very menacing if you are a Confucian from an ideological point of view because they have a prospectus for rule that deliberately contradicts the assumptions of Confucius and this idea that beneficence and just performing the correct rituals and so on will be enough to generate harmony.

这本质上是一种极权主义的国家组织理念。

And it's basically a totalitarian understanding of how states should be organized.

这种思想在公元前四世纪就已经由一位名叫商鞅的人传播开来，那时未来的秦始皇还未出生。

And it's been propagated in the fourth so the century before the future first emperor is born, by a guy called Shang, Lord Shang.

是的。

Yeah.

他明确谴责儒家的美德是寄生性的。

And he explicitly condemns Confucian virtues as being parasitical.

他所谴责的内容包括：仁义、音乐、诗歌与历史、道德教化与德行、孝道与兄弟之情、诚实与守信、仁爱与正义、批评军队以及以参战为耻。

So the things that he condemns are rights and music, odes and history, moral culture and virtue, filial piety and brotherly love, sincerity and faith, benevolence and righteousness, criticism of the army, and being ashamed of fighting.

所有这些都被视为弱点。

All of these are condemned as weaknesses.

所以非常斯巴达。

So very Spartan.

对。

Yeah.

它

It

是的。

is.

非常斯巴达。

Very Spartan.

而且，汤姆，这让我想起你今年年初做的那个精彩的节目，那个关于纳粹主义和纳粹对是非观念的令人毛骨悚然的节目。

And actually oh, and Tom, it reminds me of you did that wonderful episode at the beginning of the year, chilling episode, about the ideology of Nazism and the Nazi sense of right and wrong.

还有，你懂的，他们鄙视害怕战斗，鄙视软弱、柔弱，所有这类东西。

And, you know, the contempt for being ashamed of fighting Yeah.

对于软弱、柔弱，所有这类东西。

For being weak, for being soft, all of that kind of stuff.

我的意思是，这里确实有一些令人不寒而栗的二十世纪相似之处。

I mean, there are some pretty chilling twentieth century parallels there.

是的。

Yes.

当然，纳粹是受到斯巴达人的启发的。

And, of course, the Nazis were inspired by the Spartans.

我认为，人们可能会意识到当前中国政府与商鞅在公元前四世纪所阐述的这种理想之间存在诸多相似之处。

And I think that people may recognize the extent to which there are parallels between the current Chinese state and this kind of ideal that is being spelt out by Lord Shang in the fourth century BC.

因此，商鞅认为，国家的触角应当延伸到每一个家庭。

So essentially, the tendrils of the state, Shang thinks, should reach into kind of every household.

每个家庭都必须登记注册，这使得征税、强制服兵役和强制劳役变得轻而易举。

So every household has to be registered, which in turn makes it easy to get taxes from them, to oblige people to do military service, to do forced labor.

是的。

Yeah.

你还会看到一种金字塔式的官僚结构，地方官员负责社区，更高层的官员层层向上，直至国王本人。

And you have these kind of pyramidal structure of of magistrates who are responsible for communities and then higher magistrates and so on right the way up to the figure of the king himself.

商鞅说，这种结构必须通过极其严酷的法律来强制执行，他认为，一个不以严刑峻法维护法律的君主，就是在辜负他的人民。

And this structure, Shang says, is to be enforced with very, very brutal laws and that, essentially, he says, a king who is not brutal in maintaining the law is letting his people down.

一个仁慈的君主，是在让国家走向衰败。

A king who is kind is letting the state go to waste.

这在军事层面也体现为一种观念，即斩获敌首是衡量一个人价值的标准。

And this feeds into on the military level, a sense that say head harvesting is the measure of a man.

士兵收集的敌首越多，他的晋升就越快。

The more heads that a soldier can collect, the higher he will be promoted.

是的。

Yeah.

这显然与儒家哲学的全部理念背道而驰。

And this is obviously anathema to everything that Confucian philosophy embodies.

但这对年轻的嬴政来说显然极为出色。

But it's obviously brilliant for the young Zheng Yeah.

他虽然还是个少年，却展现出卓越的能力，善于利用战争机器和他所继承的这种意识形态。

Who, even though he's a teenager, shows himself brilliant at utilizing both the war machine and this kind of ideology that he's been bequeathed.

战争持续进行，六个诸侯国逐一被吞并。

And so the wars carry on, and the six kingdoms are swallowed up one by one.

在这个过程中，其他所有国王都感到极度恐惧。

And as this process is happening, obviously, all the other kings are terrified.

关于秦王的传说中，他被描述为一种近乎野兽般的存在。

The stories that are told of the king of Chin is that he's a kind of almost bestial figure.

因此，有一位后来的历史学家引用了他的一位将军的描述，说他有着突出的鼻子、大眼睛、如猛禽般的胸膛，以及豺狼般的声音，性格冷酷，内心如虎似狼。

So there's a description of him that is quoted by a later historian coming from one of his own generals that he's a man with a prominent nose, large eyes, a chest like a bird of prey, and the voice of a jackal, a man of little kindness with the heart of a tiger of that of a wolf.

哦，太可怕了。

Oh, terrifying.

所以，你肯定不希望这样的人来找你麻烦。

So not the kind of person that you'd want coming for you.

是的。

Yeah.

因此，毫不意外的是，他们资助刺客前去刺杀他。

And so unsurprisingly, they sponsor assassins to go and kill him.

这正是电影《英雄》情节背后的历史现实。

And this is the historical reality that lies behind the plot of of hero.

哦，

Oh,

对。

yes.

但这件事没成功。

But it doesn't work.

他们都失败了。

They all fail.

是的。

Yes.

因此到二月，其他六个王国都被征服了。

And so by February, all the other six kingdoms have been conquered.

据估计，而且这又是一个相当粗略的数字。

And the estimate is and again, it's quite a round figure.

人们或许记得，我之前提到过，凯撒在征服高卢时据说杀了一百万人。

People may remember I've mentioned before that Caesar is said to have killed a million Gauls when conquering Gaul.

是的。

Yeah.

同样，秦王也被说成在征服过程中屠杀了上百万人。

The same is said of the king of Chin that he slaughters a million and more people in the process of conquering.

这是古典历史中的‘百万’吧，汤姆？

That's a classical history million, isn't it, Tom?

是的。

Yes.

我的意思是，谁在数呢？

I mean, who's counting?

对吧？

Right?

没错。

Right.

但他现在已经征服了所有王国。

But so he is now so he's conquered all the kingdoms.

是的。

Yes.

他让自己超越了国王的地位。

And he makes himself more than a king.

所以我们称他为第一位皇帝。

So that's why we call him the first emperor.

他与周朝或之前的朝代不同，因为他属于另一种存在。

That he's different from the the Zhou dynasty or previous dynasties because he is something else.

他是至高无上的统治者，堪称典范。

He's a paramount ruler par excellence.

他是一位皇帝。

He is an emperor.

对吗？

Is that right?

是的。

Yes.

我们亲爱的聊天社区成员都知道，中文里‘国王’是‘王’。

Well, so members of our beloved chat community will know that the Chinese for king, of course, is Wang.

当然，戈登将军也有他的‘王’们，不是吗？

General Gordon, of course, had his had his Wangs, didn't he?

有他的王，他的国王。

Had his Wangs, his kings.

是的。

Yeah.

但没错。

But yeah.

所以秦王不再想当国王了。

So the king of Qin no longer wants to be a king.

他不再想当王了。

He no longer wants to be a Wang.

于是他自称为秦始皇。

And so he declares himself to be Qin Shi Huang Di.

秦显然是他的故乡。

And Qin is obviously his homeland.

秦是‘中国’一词的来源。

Qin is the name from which China will come.

是的。

Yeah.

因此，他的故乡开始了解他所征服的整个帝国。

So his homeland comes to be acquainted with the entire empire that he's conquered.

“Xi”意味着第一，我觉得这非常有趣。

Xi means first, and this I find fascinating.

真的吗？

Do you?

我的意思是，正是从罗马的角度来看，我才觉得这个主题如此有趣。

I mean, this is why I find this subject so interesting coming from the kind of the Roman perspective.

继续。

Go on.

“Huang”基本上意味着尊贵的。

So Huang basically means august.

哦，非常好。

Oh, very good.

对。

Right.

而‘帝’是一个神圣的存在。

And Di is a divine figure.

所以黄帝是一位‘帝’。

So the yellow emperor was a Di.

黄帝自称黄帝。

The yellow emperor called himself Huang Di.

所以如果你想要把‘黄帝’翻译成拉丁文

And so if you wanted to translate Huang Di into Latin

非常好。

Very good.

你可以将其翻译为‘Augustus Divus’，这两个词都是奥古斯都使用过的头衔，因为他想为自己创造一个新的称号。

You translate it as Augustus Divus, both of which were names used by Augustus because he wanted a new title for himself.

神圣的奥古斯都。

The divine Augustus.

因此，我认为，将‘黄帝’翻译成英文为‘皇帝’是恰当的。

And so that, I think, is why the translation for Huang Di into English appropriately is emperor.

这实际上是在奥古斯都和黄帝之间的一种隐含比较。

It's a kind of an implicit comparison between Augustus and and Huangdi.

我想，不同之处在于，他的名字中确实蕴含着与神灵、神圣领域的联系。

And what makes different, I suppose, is that in his name, you know, there's that link to the gods, to the realm of the divine.

对吧？

Right?

因为那个‘帝’字。

Because of the d.

嗯。

Mhmm.

所以他不仅仅是一位世俗的君主。

So he's more than just an earthly monarch.

他是宇宙秩序的化身。

He is the incarnation of cosmic order.

这样公平吗？

Is that fair?

我认为完全正确。

I think absolutely.

是的。

Yes.

我们有他亲自刻写的铭文，刻在巨大的石碑上。

And we have inscriptions that he put up himself, inscriptions incised onto great stone monuments.

因此，从这个意义上说，他对自己的形象已经经受住了后世历史学家的批评和非议。

And so in that sense, a sense of himself has survived the criticism and the obloquy of later historians.

他描述自己统治着一片土地，天下所有人皆为同一目标而劳作。

And he describes himself as ruling over a land in which all men under the sky toil with a single purpose.

他因规范地方习俗、疏通水道、划分土地、体恤百姓、日夜操劳不息、制定法律、明确无误、公布禁令而受到赞誉。

And he is praised for having regulated local customs, made waterways and divided up the land, cared for the common people, working day and night without rest, defining the laws, leaving nothing in doubt, making known what is forbidden.

因此，他将自己塑造成一位神一般的人物，其监督是为了他统治之下所有人的福祉。

So he's casting himself as a kind of godlike figure whose supervision is for the good of everyone beneath his rule.

汤姆，你把他和罗马皇帝作过比较，但考虑到那些刻着‘他做了这个，他做了那个’的石碑，是否也可以和其他类似的人物作比较呢？

And Tom, you've compared him with Roman emperors, but is there also a comparison just thinking about the stone monument with the inscription saying he did this, he did that, the other.

在他统治下，所有人都在劳作，你知道的，兴修水利，诸如此类。

All men worked under his rule, you know, waterways, blah blah blah.

让我想到的是法老。

What strikes me is pharaohs.

是否可以将他与法老作比较？

Is there a comparison to be made with pharaohs?

是的。

Yeah.

而且我认为，显然，我们生活在西方，生活方式也是如此。

And I think, obviously, we are living as we do in the West.

我更熟悉古代近东或地中海地区那些伟大的国王和皇帝。

I'm much more familiar with the kind of the great kings and emperors of the ancient civilizations of the Near East or the Mediterranean.

但我认为，从某种意义上说，始皇帝吉王帝正是这些人物的对应者。

But I think that there is a sense in which Ji Wangdi, the first emperor, is the equivalent of those figures.

但他显然也非常具有中国特色。

But, of course, he is also very, very distinctively Chinese.

对。

Right.

我认为，他体现了一种极权主义，甚至超越了阿肯那顿所梦想的那种程度，是的。

And I think that he embodies a totalitarianism beyond even that that was dreamed of, say, by Akhenaten Yeah.

他是埃及历史上典型的极权主义人物。

Who is the kind of classic totalitarian figure in Egyptian history.

因为与阿肯那顿不同，阿肯那顿不得不发明一种极权主义的正当性理由，而秦始皇则拥有由商君确立的这种意识形态。

Because unlike Akhenaten, who essentially has to kind of invent a justification for totalitarianism, the first emperor, he has it in the form of this ideology that's been divided by lord Shang.

一旦他征服了这六个王国，他就将这种极权控制扩展到了他所征服的所有地区。

And, essentially, what he does once he's conquered these six kingdoms is he extends that totalitarian control across everything that he's conquered.

因此，这些王国的身份通过将秦始皇的征服地划分为三十六郡而被逐渐消解。

So the identity of the kingdoms gets kind of dissolved by the division of the first emperor's conquests into 36 provinces.

在这些郡县内部，又进一步细分为无数层级的行政区划。

And within those, again, you get all these kind of subdivisions and subdivisions and subdivisions.

是的。

Yeah.

所以，again，你感受到他的代理人无处不在，监视并控制着人们。

So, again, you have this sense that his agents are everywhere, keeping watch, controlling people.

这使他能够征召军队并实施强制劳役等措施。

This is what enables him to raise armies and to impose forced labor and so on.

此外，他还做了一件可能让人联想到亚述人或巴比伦人行为的事——当他们征服后，将以色列人或犹大人掳往他们的首都。

And, also, he does something that, you know, may remind people of what the Assyrians or the Babylonians did when they, you know, they abducted the Israelites or the people of Judah to their capitals after conquering them.

秦始皇也做了非常类似的事情。

The first emperor does something very similar.

他下令将来自所有被征服王国的十二万户最富有的家族迁往他位于现今咸阳附近的首都，并要求他们带上所有武器。

He orders a 120,000 of wealthiest families from across all the various kingdoms that he's conquered to come to his capital near present day Qian and to bring all their weapons with them.

这一点在你读过的段落中提到过。

So that was mentioned in the passage that you read.

这些武器被熔化，铸造成钟鼎和十二座巨大的青铜雕像，作为他胜利与功绩的象征。

And these weapons are melted down, and they're converted into bells and into 12 bronze giant statues that are kind of erected as markers of his triumph and his process.

所以这些都是他权力和战胜其他敌对家族的象征，是的。

So symbols of his power, yeah, and his triumph over these other rival families.

因此，你读到的那段批评性文字，以及秦始皇自己竖立的颂扬性铭文，都强调了他统一一切的理念。

And so the passage that you read as criticism and the passage that, you know, the descriptions that the first emperor himself puts up as a marker of praise is this idea that he standardizes everything.

他统一了货币。

So he standardizes coinage.

他统一了度量衡，并在整个即将成为中国的地方推行。

He standardizes weights and measurements, imposes it across what will become China.

他统一了战车车轴的尺寸。

He standardizes the size of chariot axles.

是的。

Yeah.

如果你要建立道路系统，那就必须这么做。

Well, you need to do that for roads if you're on a road system.

对吧？

Right?

你确实需要为道路这样做。

You do need it for roads.

因此，就像罗马人一样，这位始皇帝是一位伟大的道路建设者。

And so, again, like the Romans, the first emperor is a great, great road builder.

是的。

Yeah.

波斯人。

The Persians.

是的。

Yeah.

或者波斯人。

Or the Persians.

但他能动用大量强制劳力。

But he has access to all this forced labor.

你知道，他可以征调大量人力来修建道路，比如搬运碎石、夯实路面、挖掘沟渠、种植树木等等。

You know, he can get kind of contingents of people to labor on the roads, of, you know, preparing the rubble or patting it down, lining it with ditches and trees and everything.

在这条宏伟的高速公路中间，有一条专属通道，仅供皇帝本人使用。

And in the middle of these great highways, there is a kind of separate lane, which is only for the first emperor himself.

有一个故事讲述了一位贵族不小心误入这条通道，立即被处决。

And there's a story told of a nobleman who accidentally strays into it, who immediately gets executed.

所以，交通法规极其严厉。

So very stern traffic laws.

我认为，当皇帝出行时，人们很容易认出他，因为他全身穿着黑色服饰。

And it's very clear, I think, when he travels who is the first emperor because he's dressed all in black.

这是他的标志性颜色。

This is his signature color.

当你看到他沿着这些高速公路的中央车道行驶时，场面非常壮观。

When you have this great kind of you know, he's going down the central lane of these highways.

他乘坐着巨大的黑色马车，车轮间距完全一致，黑色旗帜迎风飘扬，官员们戴着高高的圆锥形帽子，身着黑袍。

He's got huge wide black chariots with their perfectly matching wheel gauges, black banners, fluttering flags, officials, great tall conical hats, black robes.

这简直令人难以置信，气势恢宏，令人震撼。

I mean, unbelievably impressive and overwhelming.

而且人们感受到，一个新时代已经来临，在这个时代，一切都被连接起来并受到监督，每样东西都有其固定的位置。

And the sense that, you know, a new age has dawned in which everything is joined and supervised and everything has its place.

所以，汤姆，表面上看，你可能会说，这正是几个世纪前孔子及其门徒、继任者所呼吁的那种平衡与秩序。

So on the face of it, Tom, you could argue that this is precisely the kind of balance and order that a few centuries earlier, Confucius and then his acolytes, his his successors, had called for.

那么，为什么他们最终却憎恨这位第一任皇帝呢？

So why do they end up hating this first emperor?

因为他们认为，正如一位儒家学者所说，这种秩序是靠酷刑和惩罚来维持的。

Because they see it as being upheld by one of the Confucian scholars says it's mutilations and punishments.

没错。

Right.

与其说每个人安于自己的位置——劳动者心甘情愿劳动，家主安心持家，等等——这种秩序实际上是建立在强迫劳动、征役和对异议者定罪的基础上的。

So rather than everyone knowing their place, the laborer being happy to labor, you know, the householder being happy to hold the house, whatever, it's dependent on forced labor, on conscription, on people being criminalized if they object to this.

而且惩罚极其残酷，甚至从剃掉胡须这样的刑罚开始。

And the punishments are incredibly brutal, and they kind of rise from having your beard shaved off.

哦，太令人震惊了。

Oh, shocking.

所以，打老婆的惩罚是剃掉头发。

So this is the penalty for beating your wife, and then you might have your head shaved.

对。

Right.

然后你可能会被刺青，这是一种犯罪的标记。

Then you might be tattooed, which is a kind of marker of criminality.

是的。

Yeah.

接着你可能会被阉割，然后可能被砍掉四肢。

Then you might be castrated, and then you might have limbs amputated.

明白。

Okay.

这相当严厉。

That's pretty strict.

是的。

Yeah.

这确实很严格。

It is strict.

这体现了他想要控制一切的决心。

And it's expressive of this determination to control everything.

皇帝的目光无处不在，他的影响力延伸到他所征服的这片土地上每一个最卑微的角落。

The eye of the emperor is everywhere, and his reach extends into, you know, the humblest nook and cranny across all these lands that he's conquered.

我认为这就是为什么会有他焚烧书籍、活埋儒生的故事。

And I think that that is why you get these stories of him burning books and burying Confucian scholars alive.

我的意思是，这件事可能真的发生过。

I mean, it may have happened.

我认为普遍的看法是，他确实焚烧了书籍，但并没有活埋儒生。

I think the consensus is probably that he did burn books, but that he didn't bury Confucian scholars alive.

但这些故事被讲述并被相信，恰恰反映了儒生们认为那些事情有多么可怕。

But the fact that they are told and believed is expressive of things that the Confucian scholars feel are terrible.

因为显而易见，他们对秦始皇所作所为的反对，都是以诉诸古代传统的方式表达的。

Because, obviously, their objections to what the first emperor is doing is couched in terms of appeals to the past.

他们引用孔子，同时也借鉴了以往统治者的行为理想。

They're drawing on Confucius, but they're also drawing on the kind of ideals of what previous rulers had done.

是的。

Yeah.

而这正是秦始皇所反对的。

And so this is what the first emperor is objecting to.

他不希望这样。

He doesn't want that.

因此，在公元前213年，他得到了首席顾问的建议：为了防止通过不断追忆过去所谓的辉煌而产生异议，必须销毁包含此类信息的书籍。

And so he's advised in 02/13 by his leading adviser who says, in order to prevent dissent through endless harking back to the supposed glories of the past, books containing such information must be destroyed.

所以，这又是一种极权主义的倾向。

So, again, a kind of very totalitarian instinct.

我的意思是，这不就是乔治·奥威尔吗？

I mean, this is George Orwell, isn't it?

对。

Yeah.

没有其他信息来源。

No other sources of information.

除了我之外，没有其他智慧来源。

No other sources of of wisdom but me, effectively.

没错。

Exactly.

而唯一被指定保留的书籍是占卜类书籍，因为始皇帝痴迷于神秘学和预知未来。

And the only manuals that are specified as being saved, they will save books of divination because the first emperor is obsessed by the occult and by looking into the future.

对。

Right.

医学书籍和农业书籍。

Books on medicine and books on agriculture.

听过我们关于迦太基这一集的人可能会记得，我们提到过罗马人只允许保留农业手册。

And people who listen to our episode on Carthage may remember that we talked about how the Romans only allow agricultural manuals to be spared.

其他所有书籍都被销毁了。

Everything else is destroyed.

尽管这些学者可能并没有被活埋，但毫无疑问，孔子和老子的思想体系都遭到这位皇帝的强烈反对。

And even though the scholars probably aren't buried alive, there's no question that Confucianism and Taoism, the first emperor is not in favor of them at all.

所以你读到的那段文字中，是的。

So in the passage that you read Yeah.

他们提到了百家被禁止的事情。

They talk about the 100 schools being banned.

这些诸子百家都被明确告知：你们在这个新秩序中没有任何角色。

These are all the sages who are essentially being told, you have no role to play in this new order.

在这样的监管与控制背景下，修建了长城，据说始于二月。

And against that background, one of regulation and control, building the Great Wall, which supposedly started in February.

而我们开始阅读的后半部分提到，是由蒙将军负责这项工程。

And the reading that we began the second half of it said it's general Meng who does it.

他是第一位皇帝最杰出的将军。

So the greatest general of the first emperor.

因此，在这样的背景下

So against that background

是的

Yeah.

我的意思是，这有点像哈德良长城，对吧？

I mean, it's a bit like Hadrian's Wall, isn't it?

它是用来阻挡蛮族入侵，还是更简单地说，只是为了展示权力和控制，展现你塑造地貌的能力，并在大地上树立一个标志，说：我在这里。

Is it keeping the barbarians out, or is it more simply just a demonstration of power and regulation and your ability to shape the landscape and, you know, to place a marker on the earth and say, here I am.

我可以为所欲为。

I can do whatever I like.

我掌控这个世界。

I control this world.

这就是为什么博尔赫斯对它着迷，对吧？

Well, that's why Borges is fascinated by it, isn't it?

它体现了一种超越单纯地缘政治的意志和目的。

It's this sense that it's expressive of a will of a purpose that is more than merely geopolitical.

是的

Yeah.

我的意思是，显然，它的目的是把那些比喀里多尼亚人对罗马皇帝更危险的蛮族挡在外面。

I mean, I think, clearly, it is the idea of keeping barbarians out who are much more dangerous to the Chinese emperor than the Caledonians were to the Romans.

没错。

Right.

所以它的防御目的比哈德良长城更严肃。

So it has a much more serious defensive purpose than Hadrian's ordered.

我也这么认为。

I think so.

但我认为它也表达了想要规范和控制一切的野心。

But I think it is also expressive of an ambition to regulate and control everything.

而那些无法被规范的东西，因此就不该被容忍，必须被挡在外面。

And that which cannot be regulated, therefore, shouldn't be tolerated and is to be kept out.

对。

Right.

因此，从这个意义上说，和哈德良长城一样，长城也是对墙外一切事物的蔑视标志。

And so in that sense, again, bit like Hadrian's wall, the Great Wall is a marker of contempt for everything that lies beyond it.

所以，当你想到长城时，第一时间浮现在脑海的并不是它，而是后来出现在北京以外的那些段落。

So the Great Wall is not what, you know, immediately comes into mind when you think about it, which is much later, the kind of stretches beyond Beijing.

理查德·尼克松，这是一道伟大的墙。

Richard Nixon, This is a great wall.

是的。

Yeah.

理查德·尼克松。

Richard Nixon.

这是一道伟大的墙。

It's a great wall.

是的。

Yeah.

实际上，它们并不是用石头建造的。

Actually, are not built out of stone.

它们很可能主要是用土建造的。

Probably they're made out of of earth.

所以有一个说法叫‘土龙’，你知道的，它蜿蜒数千里，悄悄穿越大地。

So there's a phrase for it, the earth dragon, you know, kind of sneaking across the landscape for thousands of miles.

而且很可能并不是一条连贯的线。

And probably not a coherent line.

所以朱莉娅·洛维尔在她关于中国长城的杰出著作中提到，修建长城更多是通过连接峡谷与悬崖，辅以城墙或堡垒，或是新建一条连续的防御线。

So Julia Lovell in her brilliant book on the Great Wall Of China, she says that wall building was more a case of joining ravines and precipices with stretches of wall or with fortresses and of erecting a brand new continuous line of defense.

但即便如此，这显然是一项极其庞大的工程。

But even so, it is clearly an absolutely massive project.

你还能看到一段令人毛骨悚然的当代诗歌，印证了这一点。

And you get testimony to this that is a very haunting contemporary poem.

如果你有儿子，别把他养大。

If you have a son, don't raise him.

如果你有女儿，就给她喂干肉。

If you have a girl, feed her dried meat.

你没看见那长长的长城是用尸骨支撑起来的吗？

Can't you see the long wall is propped up on skeletons?

所以非常诡异。

So very eerie.

有点像金字塔之类的东西。

So a little bit like the Pyramids or something.

是的。

Yeah.

用奴隶劳工，动用庞大军队，来完成这种宏大而傲慢的至高权力宣言。

Slave labor, huge armies for this grandiose, hubristic statement of supreme power.

是的。

Yeah.

还有一个非常令人毛骨悚然的故事，明确表达了长城实际上是用尸骨建造而成的观点。

And there's a very haunting story that kinda makes explicit this idea that actually the Great Wall has been made out of skeletons.

故事是这样的，有一位女子。

And the story is is that there is this woman.

她结婚了。

She's got married.

就在她结婚当天，秦始皇的官员前来抓走她丈夫，强迫他去修筑长城服役。

And on the very day of her marriage, the first emperor's agents come to seize him for his spell of duty doing forced labor on the on the Great Wall

是的。

Yeah.

一直被派到长城东北端，那里长城与大海相接的地方。

Right the way up on the kind of the Northeastern side where the Great Wall meets with the ocean.

可怜的男人离开了，然后冬天来了。

And the poor man goes off, and then winter comes.

于是妻子为他准备了保暖的衣服。

And so the wife prepares him warm clothes.

她一路长途跋涉前往那里。

She travels all the way up.

当她到达时，发现丈夫已经因劳累和严寒去世了。

And when she gets there, she discovers that her husband has already died of exhaustion and the and the bitter cold.

她痛哭不止，泪水浸透了城墙下的土地，整段城墙随之崩塌、消融。

And she she sobs and she sobs and sobs, and her tears dissolve the earth at the wall, and it all crumbles away and melts away.

她的丈夫的骸骨，与其他成千上万也死在这里的人的骸骨混在一起。

And there are the bones of her husband along with those of thousands of other people who have have also died.

你知道，这些骸骨不断从墙中滚落出来，她便纵身跳入大海。

You know, these skeletons are kind of tumbling out, and she hurls herself into the sea.

她的死，同样体现了第一位皇帝的暴政。

And, you know, her death too is expressive of the tyranny of the first emperor.

我认为，这种想要掌控一切的欲望，也解释了关于他追求长生不老的故事。

And I think that this desire to control everything is also what explains the stories that are told about his quest for immortality.

因为如果你能掌控生命中的一切，你自然也想抗拒死亡。

Because if you can control everything in life, you also want to keep death at bay.

是的。

Yeah.

因此，他允许那些由术士撰写的通灵典籍和论著被保留下来，而不被焚毁。

And so this is why he allows kind of necromantic manuals, treatises written by magicians, to be spared and not be burnt.

他去找这些术士，问他们：我该如何永生？

And he goes to these magicians, and he says, you know, how can I stay alive?

我不想死。

I don't want to I don't want to die.

这又像是美索不达米亚文化中的吉尔伽美什故事。

Again, kind of a case of Gilgamesh in Mesopotamian culture.

那些术士告诉他，在大洋中有着三座岛屿，那里居住着长生不老的人。

And the magicians tell him that out in the ocean, there are three islands, and this is where people who are immortal live.

我们很乐意为您前去寻找他们。

And we would love to go and look for them for you.

为此，我们需要成千上万的年轻男女随行。

And to do that, we will require thousands of young girls and boys to go with us.

对。

Right.

秦始皇说，太好了。

And first emperor says, brilliant.

你们出发吧。

Off you go.

于是他们都出发了，却再也没有回来。

And so they they all set off, and they never come back.

几年后，又有一些术士前来，说了同样的话。

And so a few years pass, and so some more magicians come, and they say the same.

于是秦始皇又征集了更多的男孩女孩，他们全都启程了。

And so the first emperor rounds up more girls and boys, and they all head off.

而这一次，依然什么都没发生。

And, again, nothing happens.

天哪。

God.

这些术士的行为太可疑了，汤姆，我觉得。

This is very dodgy behavior from the magicians, Tom, I think.

最后，是的。

And then finally Yeah.

有一个幸存者回来了，是其中一个男孩。

One survivor comes back, one of the boys.

对。

Right.

他说，我们根本到不了那里。

And he says, you know, we just can't get there.

这不可能。

It's impossible.

海洋里全是怪物，岛屿由巨大的海怪守卫着。

The ocean is full of monsters, and the islands are guarded by giant sea monsters.

我们怎么才能到达那里呢？

How are we gonna get there?

这对第一位皇帝来说是个非常尴尬的问题。

And, you know, this is a very awkward question for the first emperor to answer.

是的。

Yeah.

这和他的雄心壮志相矛盾。

It's a babbleau for his ambitions.

他急于回答这个问题，而2月11日一颗流星坠落地球，上面被人刻下字迹：‘始皇将死，其土将分’，这更加剧了他的焦虑。

And his anxiety to answer it is sharpened for him by the fact that in 02/11, a meteor crashes down, lands on the earth, and someone writes on it, the first emperor will die, and his lands will be divided up.

一则令人毛骨悚然的预言。

A chilling prophecy.

显然，皇帝对此非常不悦，于是命人砸碎石头，并诛杀周围所有人。

And, obviously, the emperor is not pleased about this, and so he has the stone crushed and everyone around wiped out.

但这反而促使他亲自启程，前往那些岛屿寻求长生不老之法。

But it it incentivizes him to go in person in quest for the immortality in these islands.

于是，他带着浩浩荡荡的随行队伍前往海岸。

And so he, heads off to the coast with a massive great train in his wake.

由于听说海上有怪物出没，他配备了成排成排的弩箭。

And because he's been told that there are sea monsters out there, he has batteries and batteries of crossbows.

他抵达了海岸。

He arrives on the coast.

传说中，他看到了一些海怪，成功射杀了它们，但随后便去世了。

The story is is that he sees some of the sea monsters, successfully shoots them, but then he dies.

由于他们离首都太远，而且他的随从和追随者们对他的死讯泄露后可能引发的后果感到极度不安，于是他们将他放入一辆有遮盖的马车中，并用帷幕遮住，以免任何人看到他。

And because they are so far from the capital and because his aides and his followers are so nervous about what will happen if the news gets out that he's dead, they put him inside a covered kind of chariot and veil it so that no one can see him.

他们假装他还活着，还给他送文件之类的。

And they pretend that he's still alive, and they kinda, you know, bring him papers and so on.

是的。

Yeah.

然后他们开始启程返回首都。

And they then start heading back to the capital.

但由于他的尸体已经开始腐烂，他们便在前后堆满了大量鱼车，以掩盖腐烂尸身的气味。

But because obviously his body is starting to rot, what they do is they pile great wagons full of fish to go in front and behind so that no one can smell the rotting of the human corpse.

我喜欢这个故事。

I like that story.

对。

Yeah.

这故事不错，但汤姆，我突然想到，这可能并不真实。

It's a good But, Tom, it occurs to me that it probably isn't true.

不。

No.

我的意思是，这个故事显然完全是一种关于他傲慢的民间传说或寓言。

I mean so that story has the absolute I mean, that clearly seems to be a kind of folktale stroke parable about his hubris.

是的。

Yeah.

这有点像《一千零一夜》的风格，不是吗？

It's kind of Arabian Nights quality, isn't there?

《一千零一夜》的风格。

Arabian Nights quality.

没错。

Exactly.

所以很可能，我的意思是，我一聊到古代史就老生常谈，但

And so that probably I mean, it's I'm such a stuck record on this whenever we do ancient history, but

那件事大概并没有发生。

that probably didn't happen.

我对吗？

Am I right?

我的意思是，我

I mean, I

我认为我们刚才讨论的内容中有一些显然是真实的元素。

think that there are elements of of what we've been talking about that are clearly true.

有同时代的铭文。

There are contemporary inscriptions.

你可以追溯并描绘出一些思想潮流。

There are intellectual trends that you can trace and map.

所以我们知道他确实存在。

So we know he lived.

我们知道谁是第一位皇帝，但那个鱼的故事。

We know who was the first emperor, but the fish business.

完全正确。

Completely.

但我同意，围绕着他有一种神话般的特质。

But I agree that there is around him the quality of myth.

我认为这就是吸引司马迁的地方。

And I think that that's what appealed to Book S.

我认为这就是为什么他至今仍在当代中国文化中如此具有共鸣感。

I think that's why he's such a resonant figure still in contemporary Chinese culture.

是的。

Yeah.

他是一个神话与历史交汇融合的节点。

That he is a kind of intersection point where myth and history kind of meet and and merge.

这种神话特质的部分原因在于，他所努力的许多东西都保存了下来，但与此同时，许多本可让他按自己意愿被塑造的内容却消失了，因为正如我们所说，他的政权在四年内就终结了。

And part of the reason for the kind of the mythic quality is that so much of what he labored has survived, but also quite a lot of the the stuff that would have enabled him to be portrayed as he would have wanted to be portrayed collapses because as we said, his regime goes within four years.

他由第二位皇帝继位，但之后就结束了。

He's succeeded by the second emperor, but then that's it.

因此，在中国历史上的历代皇帝中，你知道，你不会看到第四十三位皇帝之类的。

And so emperors throughout Chinese history, you know, you don't have the forty third emperor or whatever.

这一传统随着第一位和第二位皇帝而逐渐消逝。

That tradition fades with the first and second emperor.

因此，从这个意义上说，我们对他形象的描绘并不是他本人希望看到的。

And so in that sense, the kind of the portrait that we have of him is not one that he would would have wanted.

这就是为什么在中国历史长河中，他一直被塑造成暴君。

And that's why throughout the span of Chinese history, he's cast as a tyrant.

是的。

Yeah.

因为儒家学者主导了学术研究。

Because Confucians dominate the scholarship.

对吧？

Right?

完全正确。

Completely.

他们说：坏人、暴君、极权主义者。

And they say, bad guy, tyrant, totalitarian.

我是说，你提到的那个人叫贾谊。

I mean, that guy you quoted Jia He.

他的作品叫《过秦论》。

His thing is called the faults of Qin.

他说，秦朝确实成了一个强大的国家，但统治者缺乏仁爱和正义。

And he says, you know, Qin became a great power, but the ruler lacked humaneness and rightness.

夺取权力和维持权力在本质上是不同的。

Preserving power differs fundamentally from seizing power.

是的。

Yeah.

换句话说，这只是一个暴发户式的军阀，不懂得如何以仁德的方式统治。

In other words, this is a warlord, a jumped up warlord, who didn't know how to rule in a benevolent way.

对。

Yes.

正是如此。

Exactly.

因此，这是共产党显然继承下来的传统。

And so that's a tradition that the communists obviously inherit.

你知道，共产党并不支持专制皇帝。

You know, the communists are not in favor of autocratic emperors.

不。

No.

所以在共产主义国家的早期几十年里，第一位皇帝被彻底谴责，与其他所有皇帝一样。

And so in the kind of early decades of the communist state, again, the first emperor is absolutely condemned along with all the other emperors.

但我认为，有两件事后来改变了，使第一位皇帝的形象变得更为正面。

But I think two things then change to present the first emperor in a kind of brighter light.

首先，当然是兵马俑的发现，就像你提到的，当那些雕像在英国博物馆展出时。

And the first, of course, is the discovery of the terracotta army, which is just you said about seeing those three statues in the British Museum when they came over.

我的意思是，它们有成千上万个。

I mean, are thousands and thousands of them.

你有弓箭手、弩兵、穿盔甲的步兵、军官、骑马的人、乘坐战车的人，令人瞠目结舌。

You have archers, crossbowmen, foot soldiers in armor, officers, people on horses, people riding chariots, absolutely stupefying.

有人提出，这些雕像反映了某种遥远的希腊化影响，因为这正是亚历山大征服的时代，是的。

And it has been suggested that they reflect a kind of very distant Hellenic influence because, of course, this is the age of Alexander's conquests Yeah.

东方的希腊化王国在这一时期可能拥有可用的工匠。

Hellenistic kingdoms in the East, that craftsmen in this period possibly are available.

但引用弗朗西斯·伍德的话，她写了一本关于中国第一位皇帝的精彩著作，她说，这支埋葬军队的组建是一项工业性而非艺术性的工程。

But to quote Francis Wood, who wrote a brilliant book on the first emperor of China, she says that the assembly of the buried army was an industrial rather than an artistic project.

她所说的意思是，这一切都是批量生产的。

And what she means by that is that it's all mass produced.

因此，你有八种不同类型的头部，但只有两种类型的腿部、铠甲和脚部。

So you have eight different types of head, but only two types of legs, of armor, of feet.

对。

Right.

但弗朗西斯·伍德精辟地指出，尽管如此，当你凝视陶俑军队的方阵时，仍能感受到惊人的多样性。

But Frances Wood is brilliant on how despite this, when you look at the ranks of the terracotta army, you have this sense of incredible variety.

她说，在16000只陶俑的手部中，只发现了两种手型，但它们在长袍或上衣袖口中的摆放方式和角度，却营造出一种个性化的错觉。

She says there are only two types of hand forms found amongst the 16,000 hands of the terracotta warriors, yet their use, their precise placing in the long sleeves of gown or tunic and the angles used help create an illusion of individuality.

我肯定她说得对。

I'm sure she's right.

我的意思是，我想不出别的例子了。

I mean, I can't think of another one.

她说这是世界上最具创造力的大规模生产范例。

She says it is the most extraordinary example of creative mass production in the world.

国家能够做到这一点，当局有能力下令，

And the fact that the state can do that, the fact that the authorities have the power to order that

是的。

Yeah.

这显示了他们的实力、官僚体系和行动力，我想。

Is a sign of their muscle, isn't it, and of their bureaucracy and their initiative clout, I guess.

他以巨大的规模进行建设。

He builds on an enormous scale.

因此，兵马俑只是庞大陵墓群的一部分。

So the terracotta army is only a part of the huge tomb complex.

这还没有完全被发掘。

Which hasn't fully been excavated.

对吧？

Right?

所以陵墓本身从未被发掘过。

So the tomb itself has never been excavated.

据记载，里面含有流动的水银河流。

Well, so there's an account of it that it contains flowing rivers of mercury.

他们试图在墓中再现一个世界的景象。

There's an attempt to create an image of the world within the tomb.

他们已经做过地质扫描，据称墓中水银含量非常高。

And they've kind of done geo scans, and apparently, there is a very high mercury level in it.

哇。

Wow.

所以人们有点

So people are kind

对探索它感到紧张。

of nervous of exploring it.

你知道他们为什么没有完全打开它吗？

Do you know why they haven't opened it up fully?

我觉得它有点污染了。

I think that it's kind of polluted.

对。

Right.

我认为由于存在大量水银，挖掘它被认为是危险的。

I think it's felt to be dangerous to excavate because of all this mercury.

好的。

Okay.

据说，当他去世后宫殿着火时，整整烧了五天。

And, you know, and the story is that when his palace burns in the wake of his death, it takes five days to burn.

他的建筑显然规模极其宏大。

His buildings are obviously on an enormous scale.