619. 伊丽莎白一世：童贞女王（第四部分）

我认为这也反映了她个人的信念，因为伊丽莎白的宗教倾向是由她在亨利八世宫廷和凯瑟琳·帕尔家族中的成长经历塑造的。

I think it also reflects her personal convictions because Elizabeth's religious tastes were shaped by her upbringing at the court of Henry the eighth and in the household of Catherine Parr.

他们属于这样一个时代：你基本上可以拥有王室至高权力，同时也能保留祭坛和唱诗班。

And they belong to a generation where you can basically have the royal supremacy, but you can also have altars and choirs.

这就是，你知道，她所喜欢的。

And that's, you know, that's what she likes.

我是说，亨利八世这个人，他是个挑挑拣拣的家伙。

I mean, Henry the eighth's thing, he was a pick and mix man.

你知道，他喜欢废除教皇至高权，但实际上，内心深处，在仪式内容、礼拜仪式和神学方面，他是个保守派。

You know, he liked ditching the papal supremacy, but, actually, deep down, he was a kind of small c conservative when it came to the content of the services and the liturgy and the theology.

我的意思是，伊丽莎白本质上是个福音派。

I mean, Elizabeth is properly an evangelical.

她本质上是个改革派基督徒，但她喜欢十字架。

She's properly a reformed Christian, but she likes a crucifix.

她热爱唱诗班。

She loves a choir.

她热爱唱诗班

She loves a choir

还有十字架。

and a crucifix.

她为何不能拥有这些呢？

And why shouldn't she have it?

因为这既有政治意义，而且她是女王。

It's because it makes political sense, but also she's the queen.

上帝任命她为女王。

God has appointed her queen.

所以显然上帝也喜欢十字架。

Therefore, obviously, God likes crucifixes as well.

因此她会保留它们。

So she's gonna keep them.

我想，听众们肯定会得出三个结论：一、伊丽莎白是对的；二、昔日的英格兰教会非常出色；三、那些激进派、福音派，他们有点疯疯癫癫的，对吧？

I think, surely, everybody listening to this will conclude, a, Elizabeth was right, b, the church of England as it used to be was brilliant, and c, the radicals, the evangelicals, They're a bit bonkers, aren't they?

我是说，他们并不这么看问题。

I mean, they don't see it this way.

所以他们觉得天主教元素太多了，装饰太繁复了。

So they think there's too much Catholicism, too much trimming.

这实际上就是清教徒对君主制和中央体制不信任的根源，这种不信任当然会在1640年代达到顶峰。

And this is really the root of the the Puritan distrust of the monarchy and the central establishment that will, of course, reach its climax in the sixteen forties.

这就有点像左翼工党议员嘲笑斯塔默站在英国国旗前发表演讲。

So it's kind of like labor MPs on the left sneering at Starmor for giving messages in front of a union jack.

正是如此。

It is exactly that.

他是个法西斯分子。

He's a fascist.

没错。

Yes.

就是这么回事。

That's exactly what it is.

必须指出的是，正如工党首相往往会因他们的左翼后座议员而自找麻烦一样。

And it has to be said that that just as, you know, Labour prime ministers tend to store up trouble for themselves with their their their left wing backbenchers.

伊丽莎白同样因保留法衣和祭坛而为自己埋下了隐患。

So Elizabeth is also storing up trouble for herself by, you know, keeping the vestments and and and keeping the altars.

因为她面临一个难题：所有天主教主教都已集体辞职。

Because she has a problem with the fact that all the Catholic bishops have resigned on mass.

她将如何填补这些空缺？

How is she gonna fill the vacancies?

她显然更倾向于任命那些和她一样留在英格兰、没有前往日内瓦在约翰·加尔文门下学习各种疯狂思想的新教徒。

Her preference, obviously, is for Protestants who, like her, had stayed in England and haven't gone off to Geneva and learned all kinds of mad ideas at the feet of John Calvin.

因此只要有可能，她就会任命这类人物为主教。

And so to the degree that she can appoint such figures as bishops, she does so.

而关键任命是坎特伯雷大主教——英国国教会的首席主教职位。

And the key appointment is to the archbishopric of Canterbury, the preeminent bishop in the church of England.

她将这个职位授予了马修·帕克，他曾是她母亲的老牧师。

And she gives that role to Matthew Parker, who was her mother's old chaplain.

大家可能还记得我们第一集的内容，安伯琳在她最后一次与马修·帕克的会面中曾说‘请照顾好我的女儿’，而马修·帕克确实在伊丽莎白的童年及青年时期履行了这一嘱托。

People may remember from our very first episode, it's to Matthew Parker that Amberlynn, in her last interview with him, says, please look after my daughter, which Matthew Parker had then done over the course of Elizabeth's childhood and youth.

因此不难理解为何他会成为她心目中的理想人选。

And and so you can see why he would be an obvious candidate for her.

但问题在于，真正能胜任这些空缺职位的高素质人才实在寥寥无几。

But the problem is is that there there aren't really enough people of good calibre to fill all the vacancies.

最终伊丽莎白不得不任命八名流亡归来的教士为主教，这些人将把她卷入关于法衣与十字架的无休止争论中。

And so Elizabeth ends up having to appoint eight of these kind of exiles as bishops, and they are going to embroil her in endless rows about vestments and crucifixes.

这让伊丽莎白深恶痛绝。

And Elizabeth hates this.

要知道，她极其严肃地对待自己作为最高统治者的神授职责，绝不愿向一群日内瓦来的左倾神学家让渡特权。

You know, she takes her her god appointed role as supreme governor very, very seriously, and she's not going to surrender her prerogatives to a bunch of, you know, kind of lefty theologians from Geneva.

门都没有。

No way.

正如你所说，激进派同样认为伊丽莎白时代的教会深陷于天主教式的繁文缛节中。

Equally, as you said, the radicals see the the the Elizabethan church as being kind of sunk in papist mummery.

而这个故事将贯穿伊丽莎白的统治时期，延续到詹姆斯一世时代，当然还有查理一世时期，最终引发爆炸性后果。

And and this is a story that will run and run through Elizabeth's reign into the the, you know, time of James the first and then, of course, Charles the first with ultimately explosive consequences.

那天主教徒呢？

What about Catholics, though?

有很多天主教徒。

There's a lot of Catholics.

对吧？

Right?

他们对此怎么看？

What do they think of this?

还有一点，当人们谈论伊丽莎白与更激进的新教徒争论时，他们往往忽略了这些人对伊丽莎白而言不过是小飞虫。

And this is the other thing, which when people talk about Elizabeth's arguments with the more radical Protestants, they tend to ignore the fact that they are just little gnats to to Elizabeth.

他们就像嗡嗡叫的小昆虫。

They're kind of little buzzing insects.

对她真正的威胁是占英格兰人口绝大多数的天主教徒，他们才是伊丽莎白真正的噩梦，因为人数实在太多了。

The huge threat to her is the vast mass of the English population who are Catholic, and they are Elizabeth's real nightmare because there are just so many of them.

此外，当然还有这样一个事实：欧洲大陆上的大多数强国也都是天主教国家。

And added to that is the fact, of course, that most of the the great powers on the continent of Europe are Catholic as well.

对他们来说，一个新教英格兰必然被视为一个异类国家，他们仍有可能试图推翻伊丽莎白，拥立一位天主教君主取而代之。

And to them, you know, a Protestant England is bound to seem like a rogue state, and the risk remains that they will try and overthrow Elizabeth and replace her with a Catholic monarch.

如何在伊丽莎白统治的第一年化解这些威胁，是她面临的最紧迫挑战，也是她与首辅塞西尔分歧最严重的问题。

And how you head these threats off during the first year of Elizabeth's reign is the most pressing challenge that she faces, and it's the one over which she and Cecil, her first minister, are most bitterly divided.

因为其核心是两个极其突出的问题，直指伊丽莎白作为女王地位的本质。

Because at its heart are two massively glaring questions which go to the very core of Elizabeth's status as a queen.

第一个问题是：伊丽莎白应该结婚吗？

And the first of these is, should Elizabeth get married?

第二个与第一个问题紧密相关：她应该指定继承人吗？

And the second, which is tied in with the first question, should she appoint a successor?

在这些问题上，伊丽莎白与塞西尔观点迥异，而塞西尔愤怒地发现几乎无法让伊丽莎白对此明确表态。

And they're questions on which Elizabeth and Cecil have very different points of view, and Cecil finds to his fury that Elizabeth is almost impossible to pin down on them.

但他能让她表态吗？

But can he pin her down?

真是吊人胃口。

What a cliffhanger.

广告之后我们揭晓答案。

We will find out after the break.

本节目由Uber赞助播出。

This episode is brought to you by Uber.

你可曾有过那种感觉——在你最需要时有人及时出现？

Now do you know that feeling when someone shows up for you when you need it most?

我们有时都需要这样的帮助，Uber深谙此道。

We all need that sometimes, and Uber knows it.

Uber不仅提供出行或送餐服务。

Uber isn't just a ride or a meal delivered.

它代表的是风雨无阻的守候。

It's showing up no matter what.

比如为远方的朋友送汤药治病，或是寄鲜花慰藉低落的心情。

Like for your long distance friends, bringing soup when they're sick, sending flowers when they're down.

在真正重要的时刻，无论何事，你都会出现。

When it really matters, whatever it is, you show up.

只要有需要，我们即刻启程。

Where there's a will, we're on our way.

优步，即刻启程。

Uber, on our way.

立即下载应用。

Download the app today.

最终，于我而言，一块大理石墓碑能宣告一位女王在位若干年后，以处女之身离世便已足够。

In the end, this shall be for me sufficient, that a marble stone shall declare that a queen, having reigned such a time, lived and died a virgin.

这是伊丽莎白一世在1559年初对下议院请愿的回应。

So that was Elizabeth the first, and she was answering House of Commons petition in early fifteen fifty nine.

议员们暂时搁置了关于宗教服饰的争论，转而推动一个他们都能达成共识的议题，基本上就是在说：拜托，

And the MPs had taken a break from arguing about religious fancy dress to press an issue on which all of them could agree, which is basically they said, come on.

您必须结婚，因为您需要一位继承人。

You need to get married because you need to have an heir.

理想情况下，我们希望有几个儿子，这样王朝就能延续下去。

Ideally, we'd love a couple of sons, and then the dynasty can endure.

汤姆，这个问题贯穿了伊丽莎白一世的整个统治时期。

And this is an issue, Tom, that runs right through Elizabeth the first reign.

这是我们了解她的其中一件事。

It's one of the things that we know about her.

尽管大多数人对伊丽莎白一世了解不多，但都知道她是童贞女王，嫁给了她的王国。

Most people even though don't know much about Elizabeth the first know that she was the virgin queen, married to her kingdom.

事实上，如果议会当初得逞，这种情况就永远不会发生，因为他们一再请愿——1563年、1566年、1576年——请求她：请您结婚好吗？

And, actually, if parliament had had its way, this would never have been the case because again and again, 1563, '66, 1576, they petition her and say, will you please get married?

请您找个丈夫然后生孩子好吗？

Will you please have a husband and then have children?

显然，这种紧迫性源于多方面原因。

And obviously, the urgency is because, well, it's multiple things.

某种程度上，我想这是性别歧视作祟，不是吗？

To some degree, I suppose it's about sexism, isn't it?

我认为可能不多。

I think probably not much.

我是说，有

I mean, there's

或许有那么一点影子，他们认为权力理应是男性的领域，因此伊丽莎白身边有个男性辅佐会更好。

a shade perhaps of that, that they think that power is properly the dimension of men and that therefore Elizabeth would be better off with a man by her side.

实际上我并不认为这是个特别显著的事实。

I don't actually think that's a really salient fact.

你认为王朝和内战是最重要的事情吗？

Do you think the dynasty and civil war is the single biggest thing?

那件事本质上是，如果你不明白整个都铎王朝几十年间人们都在想这是个暴发户王朝，随时可能垮台，那你就不了解都铎王朝。

That thing that is basically, you don't understand the Tudors if you don't get that all through the decades of the Tudor dynasty, people are thinking this is a dynasty of parvenus, and they're going to fall any moment.

然后就会发生

And then there'll be will be it'll be Wars of

玫瑰战争第二回合，基本上。

the Roses round two, basically.

当然。

Sure.

但对于像塞西尔这样虔诚的新教徒来说，现在又多了一层考量——如果新教改革的存续依赖于伊丽莎白的生命，就像天主教改革曾依赖于玛丽的生命一样，那么解决继承问题就变得至关重要。

But for, say, Cecil, you know, an ardent Protestant, there's now an added dimension as well, which is that if the Protestant Reformation is dependent on the life of Elizabeth, just as the Catholic reformation had been dependent on the life of Mary, then it's absolutely crucial that the succession is sorted out.

而最好的解决方式就是伊丽莎白生个儿子，这样继承顺序就明确了。

And the best way to do that is is for Elizabeth to have a son and, you know, that that then the succession is clear.

塞西尔再清楚不过，最显而易见的继承人——苏格兰的玛丽女王——对坚定的英格兰新教徒而言，简直是梦魇般的继位者。

And as Cecil is all too painfully aware, the obvious successor is the most nightmarish successor imaginable if you are a stalwart English Protestant because that successor potentially is Mary Queen of Scots.

是啊。

Yeah.

她不仅是天主教徒，而且自1559年7月起还成了法兰西王后。

She's not just Catholic, but also from July 1559, she's become the queen of France.

她的丈夫太子继承了法国王位。

So the Dauphin, her husband, has succeeded his father.

这简直是双重噩梦。

I mean, it's it's a double nightmare.

她有太多不利因素了。

She has so many negatives.

她是天主教徒。

She's Catholic.

她是苏格兰人。

She's Scottish.

她有点法国血统，而且也没什么用。

She's kind of French, and she's also useless.

但除此之外，她倒是挺出色的。

But apart from that, she's brilliant.

难怪塞西尔会对伊丽莎白说，快点吧。

So no wonder that Cecil is is saying to Elizabeth, come on.

这是你的爱国责任。

It's your patriotic duty.

结婚吧。

Get married.

给我们生个儿子。

Give us a son.

所以你看，他一次又一次地写信给所有朋友，抱怨伊丽莎白拒绝这么做。

So he, you know, he's again and again, he's kind of writing this to all his mates, moaning about Elizabeth's refusal to do this.

上帝啊，赐予我们的女王一位丈夫，再赐她一个儿子，让我们期待后代能有男性继承人。

God, send our mistress a husband and buy him a son that we may hope our posterity shall have a masculine succession.

而当伊丽莎白收到这类信息时——实际上包括下议院的那份请愿书——她并没有表态要成为童贞女王，而是说这可能是其中一个选择。

And Elizabeth, when she gets messages like this so, actually, that petition that she gets from the house of commons, she's not saying that she's going to stay a virgin queen, but she's saying this might be one option.

她确实留有余地。

She does leave the door open.

你知道，她从未明确拒绝，但从某种意义上说她又确实如此——因为事实证明所有这些'我可能要考虑考虑'的说辞...

She's never you know, she's she never says never, but in a way, she is because it turns out that all these well, I might you know, I gotta think about it.

实际上她就是在把整个问题往后拖延。

Effectively, she's just kind of kicking the the whole issue down the road.

她根本不想做出承诺。

She she she does not want to commit.

因此人们可能会疑惑，她为何不愿做出承诺？

And so people may wonder, why does she not want to commit?

我认为这个问题有各种可能的答案，其中一些或许源于她的成长经历，正如我们一直追踪的那样。

And I think there are all kinds of potential answers to that question, Some of which perhaps are rooted in her upbringing, you know, which we've been tracking.

你或许能看出，婚姻与死亡之间存在某种关联，比如她母亲被处决这件事。

You can see that perhaps that there's a kind of an association of marriage with death, you know, the execution of her mother.

这肯定对她造成了某种心理阴影。

I must surely have kind of weighed on her.

她曾坦言自己日益厌恶婚姻的念头，其缘由甚至无法向灵魂伴侣倾诉（假如她有的话），更遑论对活人诉说——这暗示着可能存在某些深埋的心理原因。

And she did once confide that she hated the idea of marriage every day more for reasons which she could not divulge to a twin soul if she had one, much less to a living creature, which does suggest that perhaps there are kind of buried psychological reasons.

但我们无法确定，因为正如我们所说，伊丽莎白是个极其封闭的人。

But we can't be sure about that because as we've said, Elizabeth is a very close person.

她的情感被保护得极其私密。

Her emotions are are kept very, very private.

所以我认为这已经进入了心理学推测的范畴。

So I think you're kind of going into the dimension of psychological speculation there.

但她拒绝被束缚还有一个更为明显的原因，那就是她比塞西尔更清楚地认识到，作为英格兰女王，她的未婚状态构成了一种极其精妙的外交武器。

But there is another much more obvious reason why she refuses to be pinned down, and that is that as she recognizes much more clearly than Cecil, her unmarried state constitutes an absolutely brilliant diplomatic weapon because she is a a queen of England.

因此，她的婚姻承诺对任何基督教王子来说都是一项诱人的奖赏。

And therefore, her hand in marriage is an amazing prize, you know, for for for any Christian prince.

所以伊丽莎白喜欢将这种可能性悬在潜在追求者面前。

And so Elizabeth likes to keep the, you know, the the prospect dangling in front of would be suitors.

这一策略在两方面都极为奏效：首先，每当有欧洲大陆的追求者询问'我能娶您吗'时——

And this works brilliantly in two ways because firstly, every time there's an inquiry from a continental suitor about, you know, could I marry you?

这种询问本身就验证了她王位的合法性。

That inquiry serves to validate her legitimacy.

但更重要的是，这使伊丽莎白得以施展她最钟爱的策略——用空头承诺吊人胃口，却从不真正兑现。

But what it also does, it enables Elizabeth to bring in her favorite strategy, which is essentially to string people along to say, oh, I might give you this, and then never giving it to them.

事实上她将此手段运用得炉火纯青，因为她是个极其老练的政治家。

And it actually she does it brilliantly because she is a kind of consummate politician.

她与西班牙国王菲利普（她那位令人畏惧的姐夫）的关系，就完美展现了这种'婚姻诱饵'策略的实施方式。

An example of this, how she pursues this strategy of dangling the prospect of marriage in front of people is demonstrated by her relationship with Philip of Spain, her estwired brother-in-law.

也就是她已故姐姐玛丽的丈夫。

So the husband of her dead sister, Mary.

对菲利普而言，与玛丽的婚姻之所以重要，是因为英格兰本身的重要性。

And to Philip, his marriage to Mary had mattered because England mattered.

英格兰虽是个二流强国，却是制衡法国的绝佳筹码。

England's a second rate power, but is a very, very useful counterpoint to France.

所以玛丽一去世，菲利普就立即转向伊丽莎白提议：'我们何不试试？'

And so the moment Mary is dead, Philip basically turns to Elizabeth and say, well, you know, let's what about it?

干脆联姻吧。

Let's do it.

这就像是阿拉贡的凯瑟琳事件的反转版本。

You know, it would be a kind of Catherine of Aragon in reverse.

伊丽莎白礼貌地回绝了他，随后菲利普又开始为她物色其他联姻对象。

Elizabeth very politely turns him down, and Philip then starts proposing a kind of number of other matches for her.

这些人选全都经过精心算计，旨在巩固哈布斯堡家族与英格兰的友谊。

All of them calculated to seal the friendship between the Habsburgs and and England.

她只是说，嗯。

And she's just saying, yeah.

好吧，也许，大概，有点含糊其辞，故作矜持，从不明确表态。

Well, maybe, perhaps, kind of provaricating, playing coy, never committing.

这一切的结果是，伊丽莎白不断抛出婚姻前景的诱饵，摆出英格兰可能与西班牙结盟对抗法国的姿态，使得菲利普实际上多年来一直扮演着她在天主教欧洲的保护者角色。

And the result of all this, Elizabeth dangling the prospect of marriage, dangling the prospect of an English alliance with Spain against France, is that Philip effectively, for years, plays the role of Elizabeth's defender in Catholic Europe.

他拒绝批准对她发起十字军讨伐。

He refuses to sanction a crusade against her.

他施压教皇不要将她逐出教会。

He he leans on the pope not to excommunicate her.

这对那些将菲利普视为派遣西班牙无敌舰队推翻伊丽莎白的人来说，可能显得非常反直觉。

And this, I think, may seem very counterintuitive to people who know Philip as the man who sends the Spanish armada to overthrow Elizabeth.

但实际上，在伊丽莎白统治初期，他是她最有力的捍卫者。

But actually, in the early years of Elizabeth's reign, he is her great defender.

他绝非她根深蒂固的敌人。

He's absolutely not her inveterate enemy.

这本质上反映了伊丽莎白的外交手腕，就像把他当琴弦一样巧妙操控。

And that is a reflection of Elizabeth's diplomatic skill, essentially, in kind of playing him like a fiddle.

所以保持单身对她来说是一种外交策略，而她在这方面极为出色，部分原因是这符合她的天性。

So you've got the staying single as a kind of diplomatic maneuver, and and she's brilliant at doing that partly because it's it's in her nature.

她极其擅长将模棱两可作为政治手段，隐藏真实意图，非常聪明地深藏不露等等。

She's brilliant at prevarication as a political ploy, at keeping her true intentions secret, playing her cards close to her chest very cleverly and so on.

而且我认为从心理层面来说，她也厌恶承诺。

And I think also psychologically, she hates commitment.

嗯，我的意思是，这显然指向了她不结婚的最重要原因。

Well, I mean, this goes to the surely, what is the single most important reason why she doesn't marry.

一旦结婚，她就会丧失大量权力和自主权。

The moment that she marries, she loses an enormous amount of her power and her agency.

只要外国配偶带着自己的朝臣和亲信到来，他就会成为宫廷的焦点。

So as soon as a foreign spouse arrives with his own courtiers, with his own cronies, he becomes the focus of the court.

要知道，他甚至可能成为国王。

You know, he becomes king, possibly.

许多人会指望他来做决策等等。

Lots of people look to him to make decisions and so on.

说真的，我觉得令人惊讶的是塞西尔竟然始终没想明白这点。

And surely, I mean, it's amazing that actually Cecil never quite gets this.

对吧？

Right?

也许因为他是男性，压根没意识到她一旦做出这个决定就会失去如此之多。

Maybe because he's a man and he doesn't it doesn't occur to him, you know, that she will lose so much as soon as she makes that decision.

我认为他们都默认女王必须结婚，这是她的职责。

I think every they all assume that a queen has to marry, that it's her duty.

我觉得他们根本没想到她可能不结婚。

I think it basically doesn't kind of cross their minds that she might not.

只有极少数人看透了在我们看来显而易见的事实。

There are only very few people who kind of penetrate to what seems to us an obvious state of affairs.

而颇具深意的是，其中一位看透的人并非英格兰人，而是苏格兰驻她宫廷的大使。

And perhaps it's telling that one of them was not English, but a Scottish ambassador to the to her court.

他名叫詹姆斯·梅尔维尔爵士，他直接了当地看穿了伊丽莎白的意图，并写信给她：'陛下若结婚，便仅是英格兰女王；而如今您既是国王也是女王。'

Sir James Melville, he was called, and he kinda goes straight you know, he immediately sees what Elizabeth's up to and wrote to her, your majesty thinks if you were married, you would be but queen of England, and now you are both king and queen.

我知道您的心性无法忍受被人支配。

I know your spirit cannot endure a commander.

我认为他完全正确。

And he's absolutely right, I think.

所以她现在同时扮演着两个角色。

So she's playing two roles right now.

她既是女王也是国王，而结婚将让她失去国王的角色。

She's both the queen and the king, and she'll lose the role of the king.

当然，对伊丽莎白而言，悲剧在于：通过维护自己的权力和自主权，她实际上是在签署自己王朝的死刑执行令。

Of course, the tragedy for Elizabeth, though, is that by preserving her own power and agency, she is effectively signing her dynasty's death warrant.

因为不结婚生子就意味着，虽然保住了个人自主权，但代价是都铎王朝将在我这里终结。

Because the moment you know, by not marrying and having an heir, she is basically saying, well, I will preserve my own agency, but the cost is the Tudor's end with me.

是啊。

Yeah.

这便留下了一个问题：谁将继承她的王位。

And that then leaves open the question of who would succeed her.

要知道，如果都铎王朝绝嗣，那么谁将成为下一位国王，或者女王？

You know, if the Tudor dynasty goes extinct, then who is going to be the next king or or indeed queen?

因为，当然，主要的威胁一如既往是苏格兰女王玛丽。

Because, of course, the major threat, as it's always been, is Mary, Queen of Scots.

而且，你知道，她的继承权是合法的。

And, you know, she's legitimate.

她是天主教徒。

She's Catholic.

她是法国王后，我们之前列举的这些头衔。

She's queen of France, all these things we've been listing.

这些因素使她在伊丽莎白统治初期成为一个巨大的威胁。

You know, these these make her an incredible menace in the early years of Elizabeth's reign.

而作为伊丽莎白的首席大臣，塞西尔的任务就是应对这些。

And it's Cecil's job as Elizabeth's chief minister.

如果伊丽莎白不结婚，那么就需要采取其他措施来防范塞西尔视为终极威胁的苏格兰玛丽女王继位。

If Elizabeth won't marry, then to take alternative steps to guard against what Cecil sees as the ultimate threat of Mary Queen of Scots succeeding her.

塞西尔非常清楚地认识到，关键在于破坏法国与苏格兰的联盟——玛丽与法国国王的婚姻正是这一所谓'古老联盟'的重要象征。

And the key, Cecil recognizes very clearly, is to disrupt the alliance between France and Scotland, of which Mary's marriage to the king of France is is the kind of the great symbol, the old alliance as it's called.

于是他说道：'何不尝试用苏格兰与英格兰的联盟，来取代苏格兰与法国的联盟呢？'

And so he he says, well, what if I can replace an ally the alliance between Scotland and France with an alliance between Scotland and England?

这看似是个巨大挑战，因为苏格兰与英格兰世代为敌，但他认为并非全无可能。

And this might seem a huge challenge because Scotland and England have been, you know, ancestral enemies for generations and generations, but he doesn't see it as as impossible.

面对这个重大挑战时，他照例起草了一份备忘录，以条目形式详尽列出所有论据。

He he does what he always does when he's faced with a huge challenge, is to kind of essentially draw up a memo and kind of lay out all the arguments in bullet point form.

他在文中写道：'必须确保苏格兰不再如现今这般受制于法国的摆布，这个英格兰的宿敌始终企图将苏格兰变成实施其恶意的工具，并以此为踏脚石窥视英格兰。'

And so he writes, it must necessarily be provided that Scotland be not so subject to the appointments of France as it is presently, which being an ancient enemy to England, seeketh always to make Scotland an instrument to exercise thereby their malice upon England and to make a footstool thereof to look over England as they may.

因此苏格兰就像一把法国指向的匕首。作为敏锐的新教徒和国际事务分析家，他认识到必须支持苏格兰的新教事业。

So Scotland is a French dagger pointed, and he recognizes, keen Protestant that he is and very shrewd analyst of international affairs, that what needs to be done is to support the Protestant cause in Scotland.

他憧憬着一个统一的新教不列颠。

And his vision is of a united Protestant Britain.

他写道，由此这座著名的岛屿，即

And he writes that thereby this famous isle, I.

不列颠，

E.

可以在语言、习俗与境况上达成统一。

Britain, may be conjoined in one uniformity of language, manners, and conditions.

他是一位不列颠的远见者。

He's a British visionary.

然而，这实际上需要一套对外干预政策，对吧？

However, what that would require would be effectively a policy of foreign intervention, right?

对海外进行自由派干预。

Liberal intervention in overseas.

新教干预。

Protestant intervention.

是的。

Yeah.

伊丽莎白不喜欢这样，因为她知道：第一，战争代价高昂；第二，战争是一种政策承诺，而她的整个统治基本上都在回避政策承诺，对吧？

And Elizabeth doesn't like that, because she knows, A, wars are expensive, and also a war is a kind of policy commitment, and her entire reign is basically an exercise in shrinking from policy commitments, right?

不断拖延问题。

Kicking the can down the road.

塞西尔始终在推动并试图说服她以某种形式干预苏格兰政治。

Cecil, whole time, is basically pushing and kind of trying to cajole her into some form of intervention in Scottish politics.

最终她在1560年勉强同意的是：

And basically, what she finally agrees was this 1560?

他们可以采取经济手段。

They can do it financially.

他们会向苏格兰的新教阵营提供资金支持。

They will send money to the Protestants camp in Scotland.

是的。

Yes.

所以她最终妥协了。

So finally, surrenders it.

我是说，塞西尔一度曾以辞职相威胁，而她确实某种程度上让步了。

I mean, at one point, Cecil had had had been threatening to resign, and she does kind of give in.

于是资金和武器开始北运，以帮助新教徒不仅推翻天主教徒，还包括掌控法国的法国天主教徒，其中一位就是苏格兰女王玛丽的母亲——吉斯的玛丽，她在这场战役中去世。

And so money and arms start heading northwards to help the Protestants overthrow not just the Catholics, but the French Catholics who are in hold of France, one of whom is Mary, Queen of Scots mother, Mary of Guise, who dies in the course of this campaign.

到1560年7月，这一结果成为塞西尔整个职业生涯中最辉煌的胜利之一。

And the result by the July in 1560 is one of the supreme triumphs of Cecil's entire career.

这份条约由他本人亲自签署。

And this is a treaty that is signed by himself in person.

他不仅被派往苏格兰首都，条约还由苏格兰和法国的代表共同签署。

He's written up to the Scottish capital, but also by Scottish and French representatives.

由于在爱丁堡签署，它被称为《爱丁堡条约》。

And because it's signed in Edinburgh, it's called the Treaty of Edinburgh.

基本上，它实现了塞西尔梦寐以求的一切。

And, basically, it gives Cecil everything he had dreamed of getting.

因此，法国人同意从苏格兰撤军。

So the French agreed to withdraw from Scotland.

他们撤走了。

They are gone.

但更为关键的是，法国承认伊丽莎白为女王。

But even more crucially, the French recognize Elizabeth as queen.

这实质上彻底粉碎了苏格兰玛丽女王获得法国支持、对抗伊丽莎白争夺英格兰王位的任何可能性。

And so that then essentially kind of kneecaps any prospect of Mary Queen of Scots having French support for her claim to the English throne against Elizabeth.

《爱丁堡条约》签订一个月后，塞西尔又取得一项惊人胜利——苏格兰议会召开会议，实质上废除了天主教会的国教地位，否定教皇至高权力，将新教确立为苏格兰国教。

And then a month after the Treaty of Edinburgh, there's another amazing triumph for Cecil because the Scottish Parliament meets and effectively disestablishes the Catholic church, repudiates the papal supremacy, enshrines Protestantism as a state religion in Scotland.

塞西尔梦想中由英格兰和苏格兰共同构成的新教岛屿，在真正信仰的纽带下实现联合的愿景，此刻几乎已成现实。

And this dream that Cecil has had of a Protestant island of England and Scotland united in a kind of the commonality of true religion seems almost to have been achieved.

这是两场绝对决定性的胜利，它们成功将玛丽女王束缚在困境之中。

And these are two absolutely decisive victories, and they they they serve to keep Mary kind of in her box.

既然法国对她英格兰王位继承权的承认已不复存在，她还能从法英联盟中得到什么？

Because with the French recognition of her claim to the English throne gone, what is she getting out of the French alliance?

1560年末，随着她的丈夫因耳部感染爆裂而亡，玛丽在法国政坛彻底失势的局面就此注定。

And the seal is set on her effective impotence as a player in French politics at the end of fifteen sixty when her husband dies of an exploding ear.

听过我们关于苏格兰玛丽女王那期节目的听众可能记得，脓液开始从他的耳朵和鼻孔喷涌而出，场面非常骇人。

People who listen to our episode on Mary Queen of Scots may remember that pus starts shooting out of his ear and his nostrils, and it's all very horrible.

因此，她现在不再是法国的王后了。

So she is now no longer queen in France.

她在法国的游戏结束了。

The game is up there.

于是在1561年8月，她返回了苏格兰。

And so in August 1561, she returns to Scotland.

在那里她发现，她的王国已被新教势力牢牢掌控。

And there she finds that her kingdom is firmly in the grip of a Protestant establishment.

要知道，这是塞西尔的又一重大胜利。

You know, this is Cecil's other great victory.

他帮助在苏格兰玛丽女王的王国腹地建立了虔诚的宗教信仰。

He's helped to establish godly religion in the heart of Mary Queen of Scots' kingdom.

而当苏格兰玛丽女王抵达爱丁堡时，她并没有效仿玛丽·都铎的做法。

And Mary Queen of Scots, when she arrives in Edinburgh, not do a Mary Tudor.

她并未试图扭转这一局面。

She does not attempt to roll this back.

她也没有尝试恢复天主教。

She does not attempt to to reinstitute Catholicism.

因此，尽管有一位天主教女王，苏格兰仍保持新教信仰。

And so Scotland remains Protestant despite having a Catholic queen.

这为塞西尔的战略提供了关键基石，确保伊丽莎白和英格兰新教的安全。

And this enables it to constitute a crucial building block in Cecil's strategy for keeping Elizabeth and Protestantism in England secure.

你看，苏格兰与英格兰如今共享的这种统一新教身份，使这两个宿敌——英格兰与苏格兰——得以结成外交联盟。

So, you know, this this unitary Protestant identity that Scotland and England now share enables a a a diplomatic alliance between these two old rivals, England and Scotland.

反基督势力基本被遏制，与此同时，塞西尔的女主君在王位上更加稳固。

Antichrist basically is being kept at bay, and at the same time, Cecil's mistress is more secure on her throne.

所以这非常高明。

So it's brilliant.

一举多得。

Win win win.

那太好了。

That's great.

因为这正是我们期望的一切，它基本上为一个多世纪后大不列颠王国的建立铺平了道路。

Because that's everything we want, because it basically paves the way for the creation of the kingdom of Great Britain eventually, more than a century later.

而且，我们也乐于将敌基督拒之门外。

But also, we love keeping the Antichrist at bay.

所以这是个好消息。

So that's great news.

然而，敌基督永远无法被彻底忽视，对吧？

However, the Antichrist, you can never completely discount him, can you?

你永远无法完全摆脱他。

You can never get rid of him completely.

他总在暗处潜伏。

He's always lurking there.

我想担忧在于，敌基督是否会卷土重来？

And I guess the fear is, you know, could the Antichrist return?

或者谁知道如果伊丽莎白去世会发生什么？

Or who knows what might happen if Elizabeth dies?

因为继承人的问题。

Because this issue of the heir.

所以在1562年，伊丽莎白得了天花，对吧？

So in 1562, Elizabeth gets smallpox, doesn't she?

人们认为伊丽莎白，你知道，伊丽莎白命不久矣。

And people think Elizabeth is, you know, Elizabeth is from the chop.

她可能会死。

She might die.

那么如果你是塞西尔和其他政治精英，你会怎么应对？

And and so if you are Cecil and the rest of the political elite, what's your answer to this?

因为你显然不想要苏格兰的玛丽女王。

Because you obviously don't want Mary, Queen of Scots.

但你想要谁呢？

But who do you want?

还有谁可选？

Who is left?

我是说，这对他们来说是个极其、极其严重的问题。

I mean, this is a massive, massive problem for them.

确实如此。

It is.

这是个巨大的难题。

It's a huge problem.

于是在1563年3月那次天花恐慌后的几个月，他起草了一份大胆得惊人的法案。

And so a few months after that scare with the smallpox in March 1563, he draws up a bill that is astonishingly bold.

可以说，这份法案的大胆程度几乎具有革命性。

I mean, one might almost say bold to a revolutionary degree.

它明确地将玛丽·斯图亚特排除在继承顺位之外。

So it pointedly excludes Mary Stuart from the line of succession.

拟定的继承顺位完全由新教徒组成。

The line of succession is drawn up, it's a Protestant one.

最令人震惊的是，该法案为枢密院立法——即伊丽莎白的枢密院——规定在女王去世时将被授予紧急权力。斯蒂芬·阿尔福德在其塞西尔传记中详细说明了这些权力的内容：塞西尔提议，若伊丽莎白无嗣而终，女王的治国神权将不传予继承人，而是移交给她的枢密院。英格兰将在一定时期内成为一个贵族共和国。

And most startling of all, it it legislates for the council, so Elizabeth Privy Council, in the event of the queen's death to be entrusted with emergency powers, and Stephen Alford in his biography of of Cecil spells what these powers would be, Cecil proposed that if Elizabeth died without a successor, the queen's divine authority to govern would be transferred not to an heir, but to her privy council, And England would become, for a time, an aristocratic republic.

正如乌尔弗雷德指出的，这比光荣革命提前了一百五十年——那场革命见证了天主教徒詹姆斯二世被赶下王座，并由新教国王取而代之。

And as Ulfred points out, this is to anticipate by a hundred and fifty years the glorious revolution, which sees the Catholic James the second kind of chucked off the throne and a Protestant king replacing him.

在十六世纪中叶的英格兰背景下，这堪称惊世骇俗之举。

And it's a kind of gobsmacking maneuver in the context of mid sixteenth century England.

但阿尔福德也指出，这并非某种隐秘共和主义的表现。

But as Alford also points out, this is not an expression of kind of crypto republicanism.

我认为史学界研究伊丽莎白统治时期时存在一种轻微倾向，将其描述为共和式君主制。

There is a, I think, a slight trend in in historians studying the reign of Elizabeth to kind of describe it as a a republican monarchy.

我完全不认同这种观点。

I don't think that that is the case at all.

伊丽莎白始终是女王。

Elizabeth always remains queen.

她对自己的特权有着强烈意识。

She's very conscious of her prerogatives.

我认为她的宫廷、塞西尔以及所有人都对此心知肚明。

And I think that that her court and Cecil and everybody is very conscious of it as well.

阿尔福德对此做了一个绝妙的类比，实际上揭示了塞西尔在此的所作所为。

So so Alford has a brilliant comparison with actually what Cecil is doing here.

他说，这基本上就是塞西尔的职责所在——为最坏的情况做准备。

He says that it's, you know, basically, Cecil's duty to prepare for the worst.

就像现代政府为核末日做预案一样，令人难以置信的是他竟能迫使自己设想如此恐怖的场景。

Like modern governments planning for nuclear apocalypse, it is incredible that he could bring himself to imagine a scenario so horrific.

所以他当时在想，好吧。

So he is thinking, okay.

如果最坏的情况真的发生，我们该怎么办？

If the absolute worst happens, what then do we do?

所以他是在思考不可想象之事，但实际上伊丽莎白并未让这个方案通过。

So he's thinking the unthinkable, but actually, Elizabeth doesn't allow it to pass.

她表示：我的权力绝不可能移交给你们。

She says, there's no way that my power will pass to you guys.

这其中不仅包含他对继承问题的担忧，对吧？

Now part of this is not just his fear for the succession, is it?

他更担心的是伊丽莎白会做出一些非常极端、非常不当、轻率鲁莽的举动。

It's his fear that Elizabeth is actually going to do something very drastic and very inappropriate and rash and reckless.

讽刺之处就在于此。

That's the irony of it.

是的。

Yes.

因为他不仅被她惯常的挑衅激怒，更因为她可能真的会做众人一直催促她做的事

Because it's he's he's infuriated not just by her, you know, customary provocations, but also by the prospect that she might actually do what everyone's been pressing her to do

——结婚。

and get married.

结婚。

And get married.

没错。

Right.

这就是伊丽莎白的问题所在，对吧？

So this is the thing with Elizabeth, isn't it?

这种张力正是她整个故事中有趣的元素之一——尽管她极其冷静、务实且精明，但她依然是个有血有肉的人。

This is the tension that that's one it's one of the fun elements of her whole story, that although she's incredibly cool and pragmatic and shrewd and all of this, she is still a creature of flesh and blood.

她接连对一些人产生迷恋或好感，而这些人在旁人眼中完全不适合，绝非她应该考虑的丈夫人选。

And she has a succession of kind of infatuations or crushes on people that everybody else regards as absolutely inappropriate and definitely not the right person for her to be considering as her husband.

因此在1562年她生病时，曾指定过一位继承者以防自己去世。

So in 1562, when she was ill, she had named a protector if she were to die.

这个人我们提过，或者说是来自一个我们提过的家族——罗伯特·达德利。

And this is somebody that we've mentioned or something from a family that we've mentioned, which is Robert Dudley.

那么请告诉我们

So tell us

关于罗伯特·达德利的事。

about Robert Dudley.

我们在前几集中简要提到过罗伯特·达德利，但可能还没给观众留下深刻印象。

So Robert Dudley, we've mentioned him briefly in the previous episodes, but not in such a way that he's probably seared on people's minds.

简单回顾一下，他是诺森伯兰伯爵的儿子，这位伯爵曾忙于推举简·格雷女士为女王，最终被玛丽·都铎处决。

So just to recap, he's the son of the earl of Northumberland, who had been busy promoting Lady Jane Grey as queen and had ended up executed by Mary Tudor.

他是伊丽莎白儿时的玩伴。

He was a childhood friend of Elizabeth.

当伊丽莎白因怀亚特叛乱被玛丽关进伦敦塔时，罗伯特·达德利也因涉嫌参与叛乱而被关押在那里。

When Elizabeth gets sent to the tower in the wake of Wyatt's rebellion by Mary, Robert Dudley is is there as well for the same reason he's suspected of complicity in Wyatt's rebellion.

当然，两人后来都获释了。

Both of them get freed, of course.

在玛丽统治的最后岁月里，他们依然保持着亲密关系。

They remain very close in the dying days of Mary's reign.

罗伯特·达德利是个极其英俊、魅力四射且意气风发的男人。

And Robert Dudley is a very, very good looking, glamorous, swaggering man.

同时代的人注意到，罗伯特·达德利与托马斯·西摩极为相似——后者是她那位爱动手动脚的继父'挠痒痒先生'，正是这个男人让年轻的伊丽莎白初次见识了成人世界的性维度。

And contemporaries note that Robert Dudley strongly resembled Thomas Seymour, who was her very handsy stepfather, mister Tickle, the man who had had basically introduced the young Elizabeth to the the dimension of adult sexuality.

或许这在一定程度上塑造了伊丽莎白对理想男性的想象模式，但毫无疑问，托马斯·西摩和罗伯特·达德利都属于同一种类型的男人。

And perhaps that had kind of imprinted a certain type on Elizabeth's imaginings, but definitely Thomas Seymour, Robert Dudley, they're all kind of men of a certain kind.

浪荡子

Roisterers.

他们是些浪荡子，但颇具魅力且相貌出众

They're roisterers, but they're kind of charismatic and and and and physically attractive.

伊丽莎白登基后，任命罗伯特·达德利为御马总管，这个职位让他获得了超乎寻常的亲近机会——作为马官，他能搀扶女王上马镫，这意味着他可以触碰她

And when Elizabeth becomes queen, she appoints Robert Dudley as her master of horse, and that is a role that gives him a kind of exceptional degree of closeness and intimacy because it's it's as master of horse, he helps her up into her stirrups, which means that he can touch her.

他的寝宫还被安排紧邻女王的内室，那里本属于女性私密空间

He is also given rooms next to her privy chamber, and they're very much a kind of a female dimension.

但达德利却能如此贴近地守候在侧

But Dudley is is there very close.

人们多次目睹她与他之间出人意料的亲密举动

And she's seen on several occasions to be kind of surprisingly intimate with him.

比如有次她被看见用手指轻抚他的后颈

So there's, you know, one occasion she's seen running her fingers over his neck.

还有一次在他打完网球后，她用手帕为他擦拭额头的汗水

On another, she mops his brow with a handkerchief after he's finished a tennis match.

我认为他们之间的相互吸引非常明显。

And I think the mutual attraction between them is very evident.

所以也许伊丽莎白在想，为什么我不该嫁给他呢？

And so maybe Elizabeth is thinking, well, you know, why shouldn't I I marry him?

嗯，有两个显而易见的理由说明她不该嫁给他。

Well, there are two obvious reasons why she shouldn't marry him.

一个极其明显的原因是，一旦她嫁给他，所有人都会憎恨他，这将给她带来巨大的麻烦。

So a blindingly obvious one is the moment that she marries him, everybody will hate him, and this will cause her enormous problems.

所以会有太多反对声音。

So there'll be there'll be too many.

这是政客们面临的经典困境。

It's a it's that classic thing that politicians face.

当你提拔一个人时，就会让所有竞争对手失望。

When you promote one person, you disappoint all the rivals.

一旦她这么做，宫廷内发生叛乱或派系斗争的可能性必将大幅增加。

And as soon as she does this, surely the chances of rebellion or faction fighting at court will be massively magnified.

确实如此。

Exactly.

因为如果嫁给外国王子的风险在于可能将英格兰拖入某种永久联盟，那么正如你所说，选择英格兰贵族联姻的问题则在于会助长内部纷争。

Because if the problem with marrying a foreign prince is that it risks locking England into a kind of permanent alliance, the problem with marrying someone from the English aristocracy is, as you say, that it will kind of foster internal dissension.

而这构成了巨大的威胁。

And that is a massive threat.

她会记得所有人都憎恨比林斯家族，所有人都憎恨伍德维尔家族，你知道，现在同样的情况会重演。

She would remember how everyone hated the Billins, everyone hated the Woodvilles, you know, that's what would happen now.

是的。

Yes.

罗伯特·达德利还面临一个更具体的问题：到1560年代初，他的政敌已暗中怀疑他谋杀了自己的妻子。

There's also a further problem specific to Robert Dudley, which is that by the early fifteen sixties, he is darkly suspected by his enemies of having murdered his wife.

这显然也相当不体面。

And that also is obviously not a good look.

这位女性名叫艾米·罗布萨特，他于1550年与之成婚。

So this was a woman called Amy Robsart, who he'd married in 1550.

但到了1560年，也就是伊丽莎白登基仅一年多后，达德利就再未与艾米在一起。

But by 1560, so just over a year after Elizabeth had become queen, Dudley is never with Amy.

他把所有时间都花在陪伴伊丽莎白上。

He's spending his whole time with with with Elizabeth.

随后在1560年9月8日，艾米被发现死于牛津郡坎伯纳家中的楼梯底部，死因是头部受伤和脊椎断裂。

And then on the 09/08/1560, Amy, was found dead at the foot of a staircase in their Oxfordshire home in Cumbna, and she died of head injuries and a broken back.

当时进行了验尸调查。

An inquest was held.

罗伯特·达德利要求进行全面调查，因为他担心自己会被指控谋杀。

Robert Dudley demanded that a full inquiry be made because he was anxious that that he might be accused of the murder.

果然，调查结论是艾米失足跌落楼梯，属于意外死亡。

And sure enough, the the verdict was that Amy had fallen down the stairs, that her death had been accidental.

可以确定达德利不可能推她下楼，因为事发时他必然正与伊丽莎白在一起。

And it's certainly the case that Dudley couldn't have pushed her because inevitably, he was with Elizabeth at the time.

他当时并不在坎伯纳。

He was he was not in Cumber.

他在温莎。

He was in Windsor.

但这对他的敌人来说简直是天赐良机。

But it's perfect for his enemies.

你看，这给了他们抹黑他名声的绝佳机会。

You know, it gives him the ideal way to blacken his name.

于是他们不断散布谣言，说他策划了这起谋杀。

And so they're endlessly kind of promoting rumors that he had commissioned the murder.

他们煽动舆论，指控他是杀害妻子的凶手。

They're fanning the accusation that he's a murderer of his wife.

这成为他人生中巨大的污点。

And so this is a massive blot.

但我怀疑，即便没有这个谋杀指控的阴影笼罩，伊丽莎白也不会嫁给他。

But I suspect that even even if he hadn't had this, you know, this this accusation of murder hanging over him, Elizabeth still wouldn't have married him.

原因在于——要知道，伊丽莎白本来就有诸多理由不愿结婚。

And the reason for that mean, you know, there are many reasons why Elizabeth wasn't going to marry anyway.

但具体而言，她所依赖的太多人都在劝阻她不要这么做。

But, specifically, too many people that she depends on are saying don't do it.

其中一位就是凯特·阿什利，这位可能是她一生中最信任、最挚爱的女性。

So one of these is Cat Ashley, the woman probably that she trusted and loved more than anyone else in existence.

有一次，凯特跪倒在伊丽莎白脚下，宣称她宁愿当初在摇篮里掐死伊丽莎白，也不愿让她嫁给达德利这样的人。

And on one occasion, Cat flings herself at the feet of Elizabeth and declares that she would rather have strangled Elizabeth in her cradle than allow her to marry such a man as Dudley.

另一位明确表示反对的是塞西尔。

And the other person who makes it very clear that he disapproves is Cecil.

他直截了当地对伊丽莎白说：如果你嫁给他，我就辞职。

And he's you know, he says bluntly to Elizabeth, if you marry him, then I'm going to resign.

但我认为最终是伊丽莎白自己悬崖勒马，因为她清楚代价。

But I think ultimately, it's Elizabeth herself who pulls back from the brink because she knows the costs.

她能权衡利弊。

She can evaluate them.

即便是嫁给像达德利这样她显然深爱的人，这种承诺恰恰是她一直以来都在逃避的。

And even to marry someone that she is as obviously devoted to as Dudley, it's still a commitment of exactly the kind that she has always shrunk from.

于是在1564年，她非但没有嫁给达德利，反而提出了一个令人震惊的提议。

And so in 1564, rather than marry Dudley, she pushes an astonishing proposal.

这个提议我们在关于苏格兰玛丽女王的系列中未曾提及，因为我特意留到这个系列来讲。

And this is a proposal that we didn't mention in our series on Mary, Queen of Scots because I was saving it for this series.

她提议让达德利北上苏格兰，成为苏格兰玛丽女王的丈夫。

She proposes that Dudley should go north to Scotland and there become the husband of Mary, Queen of Scots.

为了让这个联姻对玛丽更具吸引力，她授予达德利莱斯特伯爵这一显赫头衔。

And to make it a more tempting match for Mary, she gives Dudley this magnificent title, the earl of Leicester.

这确实是个令人瞩目的头衔，毕竟我们节目里都很喜欢莱斯特，对吧？

Well, that really is a suspended title because, you know, we love Leicester on the show, don't we?

伊丽莎白到底在想什么？

So what on earth is Elizabeth thinking?

这简直太疯狂了。

I mean, that seems mad.

不过话说回来，如果她派一位极其忠诚的英格兰新教徒去苏格兰，从外交角度看或许也算可行。

I guess, although that said, if she sent a very, very loyal English Protestant to Scotland, I guess that works kind of diplomatically.

是啊。

Yeah.

而且如果他们有了孩子，那么王位继承人可能会成为莱斯特的儿子。

And also if they then have children, then, you know, the heir to the throne might then become a, you know, son of Leicester.

再者，这其中或许涉及深层的心理因素。

And again, perhaps there are kind of deep psychological waters.

我的意思是，这或许实际上表达了伊丽莎白作为童贞女王自身的挫败感与渴望。

I mean and perhaps actually it's an expression of of Elizabeth's own frustration and yearning as a virgin queen.

或许她是想让玛丽间接扮演她自己渴望的角色——成为莱斯特的妻子。这确实是个非常古怪的提议，非常离奇的事件。

I mean, as maybe she's wanting Mary kind of vicariously to play the role that she herself would have loved to have had, you know, the the wife of of Les I don't I mean, it it it is a very odd proposal, a very odd episode.

或许苏格兰的玛丽女王拒绝这个提议并不令人意外，她后来接连选择了两位极其不合适的丈夫。

And perhaps it's not surprising that Mary, Queen of Scots, turns it down and goes on, of course, to opt for two spectacularly suitable husbands in succession.

如果你想了解他们究竟有多不合适，而且还没听过我们关于苏格兰玛丽女王的系列节目，一定要去听，因为说实话，这个故事太疯狂了。

And if you want to find out just how unsuitable they were and you haven't listened to our series on Mary Queen of Scots, do because, honestly, the story is mad.

首先她嫁给了达恩利——英国历史上最自大的家伙，最后他的房子被炸毁，而他本人则神秘地死在了侧花园里，身旁还摆着一把椅子。

So So first of all, she marries Darnley, the biggest cock in British history, who ends up his house ends up getting blown up, and he's found very mysterious in a a side garden with a chair next to her.

这一切都非常古怪。

All very odd.

然后是博思韦尔，他基本上绑架了她，强奸了她，然后娶了她。

And then Bothwell, who basically abducts her, rapes her, and then and then marries her.

这某种程度上说明了伊丽莎白当初拒绝莱斯特时是在避免什么。

So which is a kind of example of what Elizabeth was sparing herself when she turned down Leicester.

这也标志着伊丽莎白在各方面都是个更精明的玩家，比玛丽更有自制力。

And it's the marker of how in every way Elizabeth is a much astute player, a more self disciplined player than than Mary ever was.

这一切的结果就是——首先，这是个巨大的反面教材，告诉你如果选择错误会有什么后果。

And the result of all this so, I mean, first of all, it's a massive object lesson of what happens if you, you know, you you make the choice and the choice goes wrong.

但最终结果是1568年玛丽基本上被驱逐了。

But the result of it is that in 1568, Mary basically is kicked out.

她到了英格兰。

She's in England.

她南下了。

She's come south.

突然间，英格兰出现了一位天主教徒——一位天主教王位宣称者，一位天主教女英雄，成为了所有反对伊丽莎白、反对她的新教信仰、反对她政权的人们的焦点。

And suddenly, in England, you have a Catholic, you know, a Catholic claimant, a Catholic heroine, a focus for everybody who disapproves of Elizabeth, disapproves of her Protestantism, disapproves of her regime.

突然间，苏格兰女王玛丽出现了，而且近在咫尺。

And suddenly, Mary, Queen of Scots has turned up, and she's right there.

要知道，你可以让她...你可以废黜伊丽莎白，让她接掌王位——对伊丽莎白而言，这是天大的危机。

You know, you could put her on the you could get rid of Elizabeth, put her on the phone, for Elizabeth, this is a massive deal.

是啊。

Yeah.

我认为玛丽到来时虽不自知，但她实际上对伊丽莎白及其新教政权构成了致命威胁——这种威胁在她作为苏格兰女王统治时从未真正形成过。

And I think when Mary arrives, she doesn't realize it, but she constitutes an absolutely mortal threat to Elizabeth and to her Protestant regime in a way that she hadn't really done while she was ruling as queen in Scotland.

所以核心问题是：伊丽莎白会怎么做？

And so the huge question is, what is Elizabeth going to do?

她会容忍这种情况吗？

Is she going to tolerate this?

塞西尔又是什么态度？

What about Cecil?

要知道，塞西尔毕生致力于推翻玛丽，如今她却成了英格兰的阶下囚。

You know, Cecil has devoted his entire life to overthrowing Mary, and now she's a prisoner in England.

玛丽会成为阴谋活动的焦点吗？

Will Mary become a focus for conspiracy?

如果真是如此，塞西尔将需要依赖怎样的间谍手段和诡计来挫败玛丽的阴谋？

If she does, what resources of espionage and skullduggery is Cecil gonna have to depend on to to to foil Mary's plots?

这场致命的猫鼠游戏对英格兰的天主教徒、教皇、以及当时最强大的天主教国王——西班牙的菲利普二世意味着什么？

And what will this deadly game of cat and mouse mean for the Catholics of England, for the pope, for the the greatest Catholic king of the age, Philip the second of Spain as he is now?

这股阴谋、密谋与间谍活动的暗流，最终会将局势引向何方？

Where might this flux of conspiracy and plotting and spying, where might it lead to?

多米尼克，我们将在明年的新系列《都铎王朝冷战》中揭晓答案。

And, Dominic, we will find out in a new series next year, the Tudor Cold War.

我们将探讨苏格兰玛丽女王针对伊丽莎白发动的阴谋，塞西尔及其间谍头目弗朗西斯·沃尔辛厄姆爵士为对抗天主教阴谋部署的间谍行动，西班牙在低地国家的介入，以及最终导致玛丽女王在福瑟林黑城堡被处决的一系列事件。

We'll be looking at the conspiracies that Mary Queen of Scots launches against Elizabeth, the espionage deployed by Cecil and his spy chief, sir Francis Walsingham, to counter Catholic plotting, the engagement of the Spanish in the Low Countries, and the the process of events that culminates with the execution of Mary Queen of Scots in Fotheringay Castle.

随后我们还将讲述西班牙无敌舰队那惊心动魄的故事。

And then in due course, we will be coming to the spectacular story of the Spanish Armada.

但这一切，多米尼克，都是后话了。

But all that, Dominic, lies in the future.

有这么多值得期待的事情，剩下的就是历史了。

So much to look forward to, and the rest is history.

现在你可能在想，还有什么比都铎冷战和西班牙无敌舰队更激动人心的呢？

Now you may be wondering what could be more exciting than the Tudor Cold War and the Spanish Armada.

答案基本上是没有，尤其是如果由汤姆你以本系列中展现的同样令人眼花缭乱的技巧来讲述的话。

The answer is basically practically nothing, especially if it's gonna be told, Tom, with as much dazzling skill as you brought to this series.

不过，好消息是对于'历史余韵'俱乐部的成员和其他人来说，圣诞节提前到来了，或者说新年提前到来了，因为汤姆尤其是个非常慷慨善良的人。

However, the good news is for the members of The Rest is History Club and others that Christmas is coming early, or rather the New Year is coming early because Tom especially is a very generous and kind hearted person.

我们决定今年提前给你们送上礼物。

We decided to give you your presents early this year.

所以下周，我们将带来通常作为节日特辑的内容。

So next week, we will be returning with what's usually a festive treat.

这是关于纳粹的故事。

It's the story of the Nazis.

我们将特别关注希特勒对西欧的入侵及其影响。

And we will be looking particularly at Hitler's invasion of Western Europe and what that meant.

我们将回到1939年末和1940年初，那是现代史上最具戏剧性的故事之一。

So we'll be in late nineteen thirty nine and early nineteen forty, the 1940, one of the most dramatic stories in modern history.

当然，如果你想在周一立即获取整个系列内容，只需在therestishistory.com加入'历史余韵'俱乐部即可。

Of course, if you want to get all of that series right away on Monday, you merely need to join the rest is history club at therestishistory.com.

好的。

Right.

那么，汤姆，非常感谢你。

So, Tom, thank you very much.

这真是一次非凡的壮举。

That was a genuine tour de force.

在这个爆炸性话题结束之际，大家再见。

And on that bombshell, goodbye, everybody.

再见。

Goodbye.

你好。

Hello.

我是戈登·卡雷拉，国家安全记者。

I'm Gordon Carrera, national security journalist.

我是大卫·麦克洛斯基，前中情局分析师转型为小说家。

And I'm David McCloskey, former CIA analyst turned novelist.

我们共同主持另一档金牌节目《余下皆机密》，为您带来秘密与间谍世界中最精彩的故事。

Together, we're the hosts of another gold hanger show, The rest is classified, where we bring you the best stories from the world of secrets and spies.

这次我们将深入探究那位胆敢挑战弗拉基米尔·普京的人物——叶夫根尼·普里戈任的黑暗扭曲故事，以及他建立的残酷战争机器瓦格纳集团。

And this time, we are delving into the dark and twisted story of the man who dared to challenge Vladimir Putin, Yevgeny Pragosian, and the ruthless war machine he built, the Wagner Group.

从普京的厨师到雇佣军军阀，普里戈任的历程堪称二十一世纪最传奇的崛起与陨落之一。

From Putin's chef to mercenary warlord, Pragosian's journey is one of the most extraordinary rises and falls of the twenty first century.

他曾为乔治·布什和托尼·布莱尔端上开胃小菜，后来却策划了干扰2016年美国总统大选的秘密行动，并释放出重塑非洲和中东冲突格局的雇佣军。

He went from serving canapes to George Bush and Tony Blair to masterminding a covert campaign to disrupt the US presidential election in 2016 and unleashing mercenary troops that reshaped conflicts across Africa and The Middle East.

但当他野心膨胀到开始挑战普京的权力时，这已不仅仅是个人野心的问题了。

But when he flies too close to the sun and begins to challenge Putin's power, it's not just ambition.

这简直是自寻死路。

It is a death wish.

而对于我们的解密俱乐部会员，我们将深入探讨更多内容。

And for our declassified club members, we go even further.

我们采访了马克·加利亚尼，他是俄罗斯有组织犯罪领域的顶尖专家，同时也是一位被禁止入境俄罗斯的人士，共同探讨那些塑造普京冷酷偏执心理的隐秘力量，以及那些威胁要

We sat down with Mark Galiani, who's one of the leading experts on Russian organized crime and also a man banned from entering Russia, to explore the hidden forces that shaped Putin's cold paranoid psyche and the forces that threatened to

推翻他的势力。

take him down.

如果这听起来不错，请在任何你获取播客的地方收听《其余皆属机密》。

If this sounds good, listen to the rest is classified wherever you get your podcasts.

自古以来，庆祝就意味着馈赠。

Throughout time, celebration has meant giving.

因此罗马人在农神节期间会分发各种礼物。

So the Romans at Saturnalia handed out all kinds of gifts.

东方三博士献上黄金、乳香和没药，而维多利亚时代的人们则特别热衷于用纸包裹物品再用细绳系紧。

The three magi handed out gold, frankincense, and myrrh, and the Victorians absolutely loved wrapping things up in paper and then tying it up in string.

汤姆，这些举动很美好，但我在想对于普通圣诞早晨来说是否有点过于奢侈了。

Tom, those are lovely gestures, but I wonder if they're a little bit too extravagant for the typical Christmas morning.

所以今年，我想给听众和观众们提个建议。

So this year, here's my suggestion to our listeners and our viewers.

为什么不送些更有启发性的礼物呢？

Why not give something a little bit more enlightened?

为什么不赠送'历史的余韵'俱乐部会员资格呢？

Why not give the gift of the rest is history club membership?

这是偏爱汉尼拔而非火腿礼篮之人的明智之选。

It's the discerning choice for anybody who prefers a Hannibal to a hamper.

这是无广告收听体验。

It's ad free listening.

每周还能获得额外专属剧集。

You get a weekly bonus episode.

可提前购票参与现场演出，并享有独家深度系列内容。

You get early access to live shows, and you get exclusive deep dive series.

此外，

Also, on top

今年特别推出的《历史余韵》俱乐部会员礼包还包含一款令人惊艳的独家T恤。

of that, this year's special gift edition of Rest is History Club membership comes with a sensational exclusive T shirt.

它会让你成为所有邻居和社区里酷炫人士（如果存在的话）羡慕的对象，他们会仰慕你并渴望与你共度更多时光。

It will make you the envy of all your neighbors and all the cool people in your neighborhood if such people exist will admire you and want to spend more time with you.

只需访问restishistory.com并点击礼物专区即可。

So just head to the restishistory.com and click on gifts.

网址是restishistory.com，请务必点击礼物专区。

That is the restishistory.com, and please click on gifts.

你好啊。

Hello there.

我们是詹姆斯·霍兰德和阿尔·穆雷，二战播客《我们有办法让你开口》的主持人。

It's James Holland and Al Murray, hosts of w w two pod, We Have Ways of Making You Talk.

没错。

Yes.

所以阿尔和我已经参加过

So Al and I have been on

历史的其余部分几次

the rest of history a few

了，对吧，阿尔？

times now, haven't we, Al?

我们一直在和汤姆与多米尼克讨论二战的各种话题。

We've been talking all things World War two with Tom and Dominic.

如果你喜欢他们最近关于挪威战役、法国沦陷和不列颠之战系列节目，那我们有个好消息告诉你。

And if you've been enjoying their recent series on the invasion of Norway, the fall of France, the battle of Britain, then we have good news for you.

没错，吉姆。

That's right, Jim.

我们有自己的节目，专门讲述二战引人入胜的历史。

We have our own show all about the fascinating history of the second World War.

这节目持续的时间比二战本身还长呢，对吧詹姆斯？

It'd been going for longer than the Second World War itself, haven't we, James?

而且比其余的历史还要长。

And longer than the rest is history.

每周两

Twice a

次，《二战播客：我们有办法让你开口》探讨这段我认为是人类历史上最重要时期中引人入胜的人物、不可思议的创新以及可怕的悲剧。

week, WW two pod, We Have Ways To Make You Talk, discusses the fascinating people, the incredible innovations, and the terrible tragedies of this, I think, the most important period of history of all time.

确实如此。

Absolutely.

黑斯廷斯战役。

The battle of Hastings.

我对这个一无所知。

I've got nothing on this.

1940年才是关键所在。

It's 1940 where it's all at.

仅过去这一年，我们就制作了关于敦刻尔克、不列颠之战、希特勒在柏林最后的日子、原子弹投放的系列节目，还探索了特别行动处的女性成员、奥斯维辛集中营以及令人神经紧绷的马耳他围城战。

This past year alone now, we've done series, haven't we, on Dunkirk, the battle of Britain, Hitler's last days in Berlin, the dropping of the atomic bombs, and we've also explored the women of SOE, Auschwitz, and the nerve racking siege of Malta.

在这其中，我们会分享听众的家庭故事，让那些关于他们阿尔伯特叔叔在参与马耳他围城战等经历得以讲述。

And in amidst all this, we take our listeners' family stories and give them an airing so that people can tell the story of what happened to their uncle Albert when maybe they were involved with the siege of Malta.

目前我们在主节目中进行了大量海军话题讨论，比如大西洋战争中对抗U型潜艇狼群的战斗。

And we're doing loads of naval chat at the moment on the main show, such as the fight against the u boat wolf packs in the Atlantic War.

所以现在是订阅并深入了解海军知识的绝佳时机。

So now is a really fantastic time to subscribe and get yourself a bit more nautical.

请在你获取播客的任何平台搜索《We Have Ways》，期待你的加入。

So search We Have Ways wherever you get your podcasts, and we look forward to you joining us.

准备加入我和阿尔·穆雷、詹姆斯·霍兰德的《We Have Ways of Making You Talk》节目吧。

Prepare to board We Have Ways of Making You Talk with me, Al Murray, and James Holland.

谢谢。

Thank you.

你好。

Hello there.

我是威廉·德林普尔。

I'm William Drimple.

我是Goal Hanger出品的全球历史播客《帝国》的主持人之一。

I am one of the hosts of Empire, the global history podcast from Goal Hanger.

你可能还记得我在《余下皆历史》节目中讨论阿富汗和东印度公司时的露面。

You may remember my appearances on The Rest is History when we talked about Afghanistan and the East India Company.

随着灰烬杯重返南半球，我与安妮塔、阿南德共同推出了一个全新帝国系列，讲述板球的历史、政治及其非凡的文化影响力。

As the Ashes return down under, Anita, Anand, and I have launched a brand new empire series on the history, politics, and extraordinary cultural power of cricket.

在第一集中，我们深入探究了灰烬杯的起源——英格兰对阵澳大利亚，这场诞生于帝国时代的对抗至今仍在塑造着世界两端国家的身份认同。

In the first episode, we dig into the origin of the Ashes, England versus Australia, a rivalry born in the age of empires, and still shaping identity on both sides of the world.

接着我们前往印度，板球运动始于一场即兴的海滩比赛，后来演变成一面映照、有时甚至放大该国社群分裂的体育项目。

Then we travel to India where cricket began with an impromptu beach match and evolved into a sport that mirrored and sometimes magnified the country's communal divides.

我们还谈论了六十年代彻底改变印度板球运动的伟大球员老虎·帕塔乌迪。

We also talk about the great Tiger Pataudi who revolutionized Indian cricket in the nineteen sixties.

对于帝国俱乐部会员，我们将更深入探讨——从挺身对抗种族主义的西印度群岛球员，到冒着真实人身风险挑战种族隔离的南非板球运动员。

And for members of the Empire Club, we go still further from the great West Indian players who stood up to racism to the South African cricketers who challenged apartheid at real personal risk.

若想全面了解板球如何改变帝国、帝国又如何改变板球，只需在您获取播客的平台搜索'empire'。

If you want the full sweep of how cricket changed empires and how empires changed cricket, just search for empire wherever you get your podcasts.