《阿尔诺菲尼的肖像》，与劳拉·卡明一起

大家好。

Hello, everyone.

我是汤姆·霍兰德，今天与伟大的劳拉·卡明一同登场，我们将探讨历史上四幅反映特定时代的画作。

Tom Holland here, and I am joined by the great Laura Cumming, and we are looking at painting in history, four paintings that reflect a particular period in history.

我们将深入研究这些画作本身的历史、画家的生平，并揭开笼罩在这四幅画作周围的谜团。

We'll be looking at the history of the painting itself, the life of the artist, and teasing out the mysteries that shadow all four paintings.

今天，我们要讨论的是扬·凡·艾克于十五世纪早期创作的《阿尔诺芬尼夫妇像》。

And today, we are looking at the Arnolfini portrait by Jan van Eyck, early fifteenth century.

以下是该集的一段精选片段，您可以通过访问 restishistory.com 并注册成为俱乐部会员来观看完整内容，它已为您准备好。

And here is a short extract from that episode, and you can access the entire thing by going to the rest is history.com and signing up to the club there, and it will be waiting for you.

请享受。

Enjoy.

大家好，欢迎来到另一系列专为你们——我们亲爱的俱乐部成员——准备的附加内容。

Hello, everybody, and welcome to another series of bonuses for you, our beloved club members.

这一次，我们将推出四期节目，每期聚焦一幅著名画作，并将其置于所处时代的背景中，探讨画作的内涵以及画家的生平。

And this time, we're gonna be doing four episodes, each one on a famous painting, and we're going to be situating it in the context of the age, looking at what it's all about, who the painter was.

而且，对于许多画作来说，都有一种神秘感。

And, generally, with a lot of the paintings, there is a sense of mystery.

这就像一个谜题。

There's a puzzle.

而我们今天请到了一位绝佳的嘉宾来解开这些谜题，她就是劳拉·卡明。

And we have the perfect person to tease out the possible solutions to these puzzles because my guest today is the great Laura Cumming.

她是《观察家报》的艺术评论家。

She's the art critic of The Observer.

她之前曾上过节目，谈论过苏格兰裔加拿大摄影师威廉·诺特曼。

She was on the show a while back talking about William Notman, the Scottish Canadian photographer.

劳拉，你的很多书都围绕着某种谜团和谜题，对吧？

And, Laura, a lot of your books resolve around a kind of mystery and a puzzle, don't they?

你总是提出一些可能的解答。

And you kind of offer up solutions.

而这正是你今天以及我们接下来三集要做的事情。

And that's essentially what you're going to be doing today and in our next three episodes.

欢迎回来。

So welcome back.

谢谢。

Thank you.

今天我们看的是哪幅画？

And what painting are we looking at today?

我们看的是第一幅画，也就是阿尔诺菲尼肖像，也被称为阿尔诺菲尼订婚图或阿尔诺菲尼婚礼图。

We are looking at the first of our paintings, and it is the Arnolfini portrait, otherwise known as the Arnolfini betrothal or the Arnolfini marriage.

在我这一生中，它曾被称作这三种名字，这也说明了人们对这幅画的解读版本变化之频繁。

And in my lifetime, it's been called all three, and that gives some idea of how often versions of the interpretation of this painting have changed.

这是一幅很小的画。

It's a very small painting.

人们以为它会很大，因为太有名了，但实际上它并不大。

People think it's gonna be enormous because it's so famous, but in fact, it's it's not not big.

大约是一英尺半乘两英尺。

I could about a foot and a half by two feet.

它悬挂在伦敦国家美术馆，人们蜂拥而至前来观赏。

It hangs in the National Gallery in London, where people go in droves to look at it.

我认为，对于伦敦国家美术馆来说，这幅画的神秘程度堪比卢浮宫的蒙娜丽莎。

And I think it is for the National Gallery in London about as mysterious a painting as the Mona Lisa is in the Louvre.

我们注意到，它还没被偷过。

Not yet nicked, we noticed.

这幅画之所以如此著名，是因为它融合了惊人的超写实主义。

And the the reason the painting, think, is so famous is that it has a wild combination of amazing hyperrealism.

画家扬·凡·艾克被认定为油彩的发明者——尽管这里可能略有夸大，但确实如此。

Jan van Eyck, the painter, is credited, possibly slight exaggeration here, but he's credited with inventing oil paint.

他用油彩极其出色地描绘了各种物体表面的光泽和精确比例。

And he uses it to describe the shining surfaces and the exact proportions of every object in the world so brilliantly.

然而，尽管有着如此超写实的细节，这幅画却是一个彻底的谜题。

And yet, despite all this hyperrealism, the painting's a total riddle.

我认为这是艺术史上最早的谜题，所以我们来谈谈这个。

I think it's the earliest riddle in art, and so we're talk about that.

那么，它向我们展示了什么？

And so what is it showing us?

你们中的许多人可能是在视频上观看这个内容。

Lots of you will be presumably watching this on video.

你们中有些人如果正在用手机收听，可以暂停并打开手机查看一下，但我理解，有些听众可能正在高速公路上开车，试图看这幅画会很危险。

Some of you, if you're listening on your phone and you're able to stop and and bring it up on your phone to have a look at it, but I appreciate that some of you may be driving on motorways or whatever, and it would be dangerous for you to to try and look actually look at the picture.

所以，请为那些看不到画的人描述一下。

So describe it for those who can't see it.

如果现在听的人还记得《绝望的主妇》，他们可能会记得这个画面出现在片头字幕中，因为它被用来象征破裂的婚姻，与克拉诺克的画作等类似。

Well, if anyone who's listening now remembers Desperate Housewives, they will probably remember this from the credit sequence because it was used to represent marriages gone wrong, along with Crannock paintings and so on.

我们所看到的是一对夫妇站在十五世纪的布鲁日的一间房间里。

So what we're looking at is a couple standing in a room in Bruges, fifteenth century.

背景中有一张红色的床和一张红色的沙发。

In the background is a red bed and a red couch.

这对夫妇是牵着手吗？还是只是看起来像牵着手？

The couple are holding hands, or are they holding hands?

我们稍后再谈这个。

We'll come to that.

他伸出左手。

He has his left hand out.

她也伸出左手。

She has her left hand out.

她的手掌贴在他的手掌上。

Her palm is in his palm.

他最著名地戴着一顶巨大的黑色锅状帽子。

He is dressed most famously in a massive black cauldron of a hat.

他看起来真的挺像万圣节的装扮。

He really looks quite Halloween.

他的脸非常非常白。

He's got a very, very white face.

而且，他看起来有点像弗拉基米尔·普京。

And, also, he looks a little bit like Vladimir Putin.

确实如此。

He does.

我担心这是无法回避的。

And I'm afraid that there's no getting away from it.

他真的看起来很像普京。

He really looks like Putin.

所以请想象普京戴着一顶巨大的黑色锅状帽子——实际上那是黑色稻草做的，当时的人们都知道那是一顶极其昂贵的帽子。

So picture Putin in a colossal cauldron of black in fact, it's black straw, and people in those days would have known that it was a very, very expensive hat.

对我们现在的人来说，他非常富有这一点显而易见，因为他穿着一件巨大而长的黑色皮草大衣，而且里面还穿着丝绒。

For us now, it's quite evident how wealthy he is because he's wearing this enormous, long black fur coat, and indeed he's wearing velvet underneath it.

他一只手抬起，另一只手朝向我们认为是他的妻子的那位女士。

He has one hand raised and his other hand raised towards the woman we take to be his wife.

她是他的妻子吗？

Is she his wife?

她是他的情妇吗？

Is she his mistress?

他们结婚了吗？

Are they yet married?

她是谁？

Who is she?

欢迎来到这里。

Welcome to that.

发生什么事了？

What's going on?

他举着手，我总觉得这姿势看起来像耶稣在为众人祝福，尽管对这个手势的解读有很多说法，但任何听的人都能想象出来。

And he's raising his hand, and I always think that it looks like Jesus blessing the multitudes, though many interpretations of what that gesture means, but anyone listening can picture that.

所以想象一下基督，他抬起两根手指，像是在赐福。

So imagine Christ and he's giving a blessing, two fingers raised kind of thing.

在画的右侧，这位穿着极其宽大裙装的女性——我的意思是，她身上裹着数码长的布料——是一位看起来更年轻、更娇小的女性。

On the right hand side of the painting in this, voluminous dress, I mean, she's wearing yards and yards of fabric, is a woman who appears to be younger and smaller.

她把裙摆提到腰以上，拖地的长裙被高高提起，人们一直觉得她看起来像是怀孕了。

She's got the cloth raised up to just above her waist, reams of train raised up, and people have always thought she looked pregnant.

事实上，有一个完整的理论认为她其实怀孕了，但她并没有。

And indeed, there's a whole theory about how she's actually pregnant, but she's not.

我们稍后也会谈到这一点。

We'll come to that in a minute too.

她戴着一顶白色的头饰。

And she's wearing a white head class.

如果你熟悉扬·凡·艾克的肖像画，你会发现她看起来非常像那些画中的女性。

She looks remarkably like if you if you know any portraits by Jan Van Ait, she looks very like the women in those portraits.

所以这非常符合低地国家的风格，肤色非常苍白，略带红色的头发，她并没有看着他，而他也没有完全看着她。

So quite sort of low countries, again, very pale, slightly reddish hair, And she's looking not at him, and he's looking not quite at her.

我们会谈到的。

We'll come

我们稍后也会谈到这一点。

to that in a moment.

地板上开始出现一系列细节。

On the floor are the beginning of a whole sequence of details.

地上有木制的图案。

There are wooden patterns.

那些是套在鞋子外面走泥地用的鞋套。

Those are those shoes that you put on over your shoes to go out in the mud.

那是他的鞋，上面还沾着一点泥。

They're his, and they still have a little mud on them.

画的最前面有一只狗，一只毛茸茸、活泼的小狗。

There's a dog right at the front of the painting, a bristly, merry little dog.

没人确切知道它是什么品种。

Kind of nobody knows quite what breed it is.

它有一只湿漉漉的小鼻子。

It's got a very wet little nose.

它很调皮，对吧？

It's mischievous, doesn't it?

非常调皮。

Very mischievous.

关于这幅画和这只狗，有一整套理论。

There's a whole theory about this painting related to the dog.

看起来他刚咬坏了一只拖鞋之类的东西。

Looks like he just chewed up a slipper or something.

他看起来完全不像一只严肃的狗，对吧？

He certainly doesn't look like a solemn dog, does he?

还有三个橘子，其中一个放在窗台上。

And there are three oranges and one above on a window ledge.

窗户左侧的百叶窗被非常仔细地打开，让你能看见外面的花园。

The shutters of the window have been very carefully opened on the left hand side so you can see into a garden.

一些艺术史学家花了很长时间试图判断这是楼上房间，因为只能看到可能是树顶的部分，还是楼下房间，因为那可能只是一丛灌木。

Some art historians have spent forever trying to work out if this is an upper room because you can only see the top of what might be a tree or a lower room because it's a bush.

我们实在无法确定。

We can't really tell.

在画作最背面的墙上，有一个最关键的细节——如果你能称之为细节的话，因为事实上，它标志着一种全新绘画方式的出现。

Right at the very back of the painting on the wall is the most clinching detail, if you can call it a detail because, in fact, it's the advent of a whole new way of painting.

这是一面凸面镜。

It is a convex mirror.

任何听到这段话的人都能想到那种在你姑妈家或旧货店里常见的凸面镜，镜中映出了两个小人物。

Anyone listening to this can think of convex mirrors of the sort you see in your aunt's house or you might see in a junk shop somewhere, and reflected in that mirror are two little figures.

我们稍后再回来看他们。

We'll come back to them.

在他们上方，最终出现的是一盏巨大、精美、极其复杂且非常昂贵的吊灯，只有一支蜡烛亮着。

And above them, finally, is this immense, beautiful, very complex, very, very expensive chandelier with one candle alight.

我们稍后再谈这个。

We'll come back to that in a moment.

谢谢收听。

Thank you for listening.

请访问 therestishistory.com 订阅《历史其余部分》俱乐部，收听完整节目。

Subscribe to the rest is history club at therestishistory.com for the entire episode.

劳拉和我下周五再见，届时我们将讨论迭戈·委拉斯开兹的《宫娥》。

Laura and I will be back next week when we will be talking about Las Meninas by Diego de Vallejkhev.

性价比高得难以置信。

So unbelievable value.

赶紧去注册吧。

Rush away and sign up.

大家好。

Hi there, everybody.

我是《历史的余音》的多米尼克·萨姆布里克。

It's Dominic Sambrick here from The Rest is History.

我是《分类历史》的戈登·卡雷拉。

And Gordon Carrera from The Rest is Classified.

在过去的一个月左右，伊朗伊斯兰共和国政权已被推至边缘，全国爆发了数十年来规模最大的抗议活动。

Now over the last month or so, the regime in the Islamic Republic Of Iran has been pushed to the edge, having seen the largest protest for a generation ripping across the country.

自起义开始以来，阿亚图拉的部队已造成数万人死亡。

Tens of thousands of people have been killed by the Ayatollah's forces since the uprising began.

许多伊朗境外的人都在问：这是下一场伊朗革命的开端吗？

And a lot of people outside Iran are asking, is this the beginning of the next Iranian revolution?

Gold Hanger 正在全面报道这一事件的各个方面。

And Gold Hanger is covering every element of this.

在《The Rest is Classified》节目中，大卫和我探讨了情报机构在这场冲突中的作用，包括互联网封锁和诸多未知因素。

On the rest is classified, David and I have looked at the role of intelligence agencies in this conflict with the internet blackouts and so much unknown.

我们一直在研究，特工是否最具备判断伊朗政权是否真正面临崩溃风险的能力。

We've been looking at whether spies are best placed to judge whether the regime is truly at risk of falling.

在《The Rest is History》节目中，我们研究了伊朗政权的起源。

Now on the rest is history, we have been looking at the origins of the Iranian regime.

我们回顾了1979年伊朗革命，当时最后一位沙阿被推翻，取而代之的是阿亚图拉的统治。

At the nineteen seventy nine Iranian revolution, which saw the fall of the last shah and his replacement by the rule of the ayatollahs.

鉴于已故沙阿的儿子如今在国外被吹捧为可能拯救伊朗的人，如果不了解上世纪七十年代末发生的事，就无法理解当下正在发生的一切。

Now given that the last shah's son is being touted abroad as the man who might just might save Iran, you can't understand what is happening now without understanding what happened back then at the end of the nineteen seventies.

但不仅仅是我们的两个播客在报道伊朗局势。

But it's not just our own two podcasts that are covering Iran.

如果你想了解唐纳德·特朗普在该地区的军事集结是否意味着他可能介入并强行推动政权更迭，不妨收听艾拉斯泰尔·坎贝尔和罗里·斯图尔特在《The Rest is Politics》中对最新动态的分析。

If you want to know whether Donald Trump's military buildup in the region means it's likely he's going to wade in and force regime change, here Alastair Campbell and Rory Stewart cover the latest developments in The Rest is Politics.

我们亲爱的朋友《金钱之外》节目一直在关注伊朗近年来的经济崩溃、腐败以及制裁对其社会凝聚力造成的冲击，这些因素促使了大量民众走上街头。

And our dear friends at The Rest is Money have been looking at the economic collapse, the corruption, and the impact of the sanctions that have been eating away its social cohesion in Iran over recent years and have pushed so many people onto the streets.

而在《帝国》节目中，他们探讨了1979年与当今时代的相似与差异。

And on Empire, they've been looking at the similarities and differences between 1979 and today.

一个不到五十年前还推翻了沙阿政权的国家，如今为何会有人群高呼‘沙阿万岁’？

How is it that a country that less than fifty years ago forced the shah out of power is now seeing crowds chanting long live the shah?

因此，无论伊朗人民和那些勇敢走上街头抗议的人们接下来将面临什么，请继续关注Gold Hanger，获取你需要的所有背景、解答与分析。

So whatever happens next to the people of Iran and to all those brave souls who've turned out on the streets to protest, stay tuned to goal hanger for all the context and the answers and the analysis that you need.

关注《历史之外》。

Find the rest is history.

关注《机密之外》。

The rest is classified.

《帝国》《政治之外》《金钱之外》，无论你在哪儿收听播客，都不要错过。

Empire, the rest is politics, and the rest is money wherever you get your podcasts.