符号学1：符号的科学

嗯。

Mhmm.

SSRI类药物的效果并不是让你感觉更快乐或更好。

They the effect of SSRIs isn't so much that they make you feel happier or better.

它更像是让你能勉强忍受一切，从而早上起床、下床去上班。

It's almost more that it makes everything tolerable enough that you can like wake up in the morning, get out of bed, and go to your job.

对。

Right.

你看，SSRI类药物基本上会摧毁你的性欲，嗯。

I mean, look at the fact that like SSRIs basically kill your your sex drive Mhmm.

而这一点却被视为再正常不过了。

And how that's just sort of considered like normal.

这没什么大不了的。

It's fine.

这只是一个不那么重要的副作用。

It's like a side effect that isn't that important.

这太疯狂了，因为在不同的社会结构或时代精神下，也许生孩子才是我们真正想做的事。

That's so crazy because under a different sort of like societal structure or like a different zeitgeist, you know, maybe making babies is like what we wanna do.

在这种情况下，SSRIs 就会完全被污名化。

And so then SSRIs would be like completely stigmatized in that case.

或者仅仅是获得性愉悦。

Or even just having sexual pleasure.

是的。

Yeah.

没错。

True.

没错。

True.

天啊，我现在想到《使女的故事》了，那真是有史以来最令人不安的剧集。

Man, now I'm thinking of Handmaid's Tale which is like the most disturbing fucking show ever.

老兄，我一口气 binge 看了差不多一天半，然后整个人被深深震撼，以至于我直接关掉流媒体，心里默默说：谢天谢地。

Dude, I watched it like I binge watched it for like a day and a half and then I literally felt so disturbed to my core that it stopped streaming and I was like, thank God.

从那以后，我就读了每一集的剧情简介。

And then I just read every single episode synopsis after that.

现在每周我都只是读一集的剧情简介，因为事情实在太糟糕了，我实在看不下去。

And now, every week I just read an episode synopsis because it's literally so fucked up that I can't.

你受不了。

You can't

看，我真看不下去。

watch I can't.

我真看不下去。

I can't.

总之。

Anyways.

但马克·费舍尔在《资本主义现实主义》这本书里说过，这是一本很棒、短小精悍、强烈推荐的书。

But to so Mark Fisher says in Capitalist Realism, a great book, short read, highly recommend.

当前的主导本体论否认心理疾病存在社会成因的可能性。

The current ruling ontology denies any possibility of a social causation of mental illness.

嗯。

Mhmm.

精神疾病的化学生物学化，当然与其去政治化严格对应。

The chemical biologization of mental illness is of course strictly commensurate with its depoliticization.

将精神疾病视为一种个体的化学生物学问题，对资本主义有巨大的好处。

Considering mental illness an individual chemical biological problem has enormous benefits for capitalism.

嗯。

Mhmm.

首先，它强化了资本对原子化个体的倾向。

First, it reinforces capital's towards atomistic individualization.

你生病是因为你的大脑化学物质。

You are sick because of your brain chemistry.

其次，它创造了一个极其有利可图的市场，让跨国制药公司可以推销他们的药物。

Second, it provides an enormously lucrative market in which multinational pharmaceutical companies can pedal their pharmaceuticals.

我们可以用我们的SSRI类药物治愈你。

We can cure you with our SSRIs.

毋庸置疑，所有精神疾病在神经学上都有其基础，但这并不能说明它们的成因。

It goes without saying that all mental illnesses are neurologically instantiated, but this says nothing about their causation.

嗯。

Mhmm.

例如，如果抑郁症确实由血清素水平低下引起，那么仍需解释的是，为何特定个体的血清素水平会偏低。

If it is true for instance that depression is constituted by low serotonin levels, what still needs to be explained is why particular individuals have low levels of serotonin.

这需要从社会和政治角度进行解释，如果左翼希望挑战资本主义现实主义，重新政治化精神疾病是一项紧迫任务。

This requires a social and political explanation and the task of repoliticizing mental illness is an urgent one if the left wants to challenge capitalist realism.

是的。

Yeah.

说吧。

Go off.

我想，这大概总结了全部内容。

So that about sums it all up, I think.

我的看法。

My opinion on it.

是的。

Yeah.

而且再说一次，我认为如今精神医学运作方式中危险的一点是，我们的治疗师——那些我们去见的人——往往无法获得对我们心理状态的整体性理解。

And again, I I I think something that that is dangerous about the way that psych psychiatry is done nowadays is that our our therapists, the people we see, often don't get to be in a position where they can even have a holistic picture of our psyches of what's going on with us.

我认为部分原因是我们的医疗体系太糟糕了，比如我现在在接受谈话治疗。

I think partially because our our medical system is so fucked up that, like, I'm in talk therapy now.

我通过工作获得了很好的保险。

I see my I have good insurance through my work.

我每六周才见一次我的治疗师。

I see my therapist once every six weeks.

这不可能让他对我们的情况有全面的了解。

That is not gonna give him a very holistic picture of

我是谁啊？难道不是在团体里吗？

who I am as a Isn't it in a group?

团体是另一回事。

The group is is a different thing.

哦，好的。

Oh, okay.

这是我的私人精神科医生。

This is my individual psychiatrist.

好的。

Okay.

等等。

Wait.

所以你是看精神科医生还是治疗师？

So it's a psychiatrist or a therapist?

我觉得他可以开药，但我第一次见面时就明确告诉他，我不会吃药。

I think he could prescribe things, but I very explicitly told him in the first session that I won't take medicine.

哦，你真棒。

Oh, good for you.

所以他只是提供谈话治疗。

So he's just talk therapy.

我非常相信谈话疗法。

And I do believe very strongly in talk therapy.

我认为，如果我们都能有人倾听这些问题，对每个人都会非常有益。

I think it would be really beneficial beneficial for for all all of of us us if if we we could could be be just having someone listen to these problems.

是的。

Yeah.

但没错。

But yeah.

当医生由于心理健康体系的限制，只能如此罕见地见到我们时，我们自然就会变成亟待解决的问题。

When a doctor, because of the mental the health system can only even have the time to see us so infrequently, of course, are gonna become more than anything a problem to be solved.

对。

Right.

你知道，解决一个问题最简单的方法就是吃一片药，就这样那样。

And you know, the easiest way to solve something is to have this pill, da da da da da.

然后，我不知道，还有这么多糟糕的事情。

And then, I don't know, there's just all this terrible shit.

有一种叫做药物 cascade 的风险，或者类似的东西。

There's there's there's a risk of something called medication cascade or something like that.

你一开始吃一种药，然后为了应对第一种药的副作用，又开始吃另一种药。

And it's sort of like you you start taking one medication and then you start taking a different medication for the side effects of the first medication.

哦。

Oh

天哪。

my god.

亚历克莎，闭嘴。

Alexa, shut up.

是的。

Yeah.

你开始吃另一种药来抵消第一种药的效果，结果不知不觉中，你每天要吃六种药。

You start taking another thing to counteract the effects of the first thing and then eventually next thing you know, you're like taking six medications on a daily basis.

对。

Right.

对。

Right.

是的。

Yeah.

这简直是一杯精妙的鸡尾酒。

It's on the an exquisite cocktail.

这太危险了。

It's so dangerous.

尤其是，

Especially,

我们现在也太早就开始给人们用药了。

we start medicating people so early now too.

对吧？

Right?

这肯定给他们带来了问题。

Which I'm sure gives them like problems.

对吧？

Right?

这难道不会导致我

Would that not cause I

觉得你之所以这样，是因为你根本没有一个基线。

think that like you because you don't even have a baseline.

我有一些朋友从十岁左右就开始服用阿得拉。

I have friends who have been on Adderall since they were like 10.

是的。

Yeah.

这也很糟糕，因为那样的话，你会对它产生极强的耐受性，以至于它不再有效或有趣了。

That sucks too because then you have built up such a tolerance for it that it's not even useful or fun anymore.

真可怜。

How sad.

我觉得这里还混入了两种我认为是这一切奇怪根源的因素。

And I think what's it something that is kind of there's two things that I kinda see is also being mixed in here as a weird kind of root of all this.

其一是关于我们人体概念的机械化。

And one is sort of the the the the machinization of our idea about the human body.

这种趋势在二十世纪尤为明显，特别是随着现代主义和启蒙后思想，将人体视为一台机器。

This sort of move in like the twentieth century particularly with, like, modernism and post enlightenment thinking of thinking of the human body as if it's like a machine.

对。

Right.

去优化它。

To be optimized.

没错。

Exactly.

而且，好像只要出了问题，就是机器出了故障，需要修理。

And sort of like, oh, if something's wrong, it's like a break in the machine that you're gonna fix.

但奇怪的是，对情绪进行病理化，反而让人感到某种安心。

And then, I think, weirdly enough, there's something very reassuring about pathologies, about pathologizing your feelings.

这就像你讲给自己听的一个故事。

Well, it's like a story that you're telling to yourself.

对吧？

Right?

是的。

Yeah.

你从人们对这条Marianne推文的反应中就能看到，他们非常在意自己生病这件事。

And you see it in just the way that people reacted to this Marianne tweet is they are very invested in the fact that they're sick.

是的。

Yeah.

这不仅仅是随便什么都可以，不，我确实有病。

It's not just like it can't just be anything except that like no, I have a disease.

我以某种特定的方式出了问题。

I am broken in this particular way.

是的。

Yeah.

不是社会的问题，是我自己的问题。

It's not society, it's me.

我认为，也许部分原因在于，如果只是你自己的问题，反而更容易被接受，因为通过吃药等方式来修复自己，似乎比改变整个社会要可行得多。

And I think maybe part of it is just the fact that if it's just you, it's almost more acceptable because there's this way that fixing myself through taking pills, whatever, seems a lot more doable than changing society as a whole.

确实如此。

That's true.

太对了。

That's so true.

这简直是一项巨大的工程。

Like what an undertaking.

哇。

Wow.

是的。

Yeah.

就连莉娜·邓纳姆也承认，这种将一切病理化、总说自己病得很重的做法。

And then there's also like even even Lena Dunham has admitted that this whole like pathologizing and like being like, I'm so sick.

这其中还有一层扭曲的成分，就是你其实是在博取关注。

There's like a there's another sick twisted part of that where you're like getting attention.

嗯。

Mhmm.

而且这也确实让人感到某种安慰。

And there's like something very comforting about that too.

嗯。

Mhmm.

我能理解这种感受。

I like I can relate with that.

我上大学的时候，一直饱受慢性疼痛的困扰。

When I was an undergrad, I had all these issues with chronic pain.

嗯。

Mhmm.

医生最后告诉我，我患有纤维肌痛，然后就给我开了很多奇怪的药物，我吃了好多年。

And the doctor eventually told me that I had fibromyalgia and then just like gave me all these crazy medications that I was taking for years.

每次我试图停药，都会感觉特别糟糕。

And every time I would try and take a break from the medications, I would feel so shitty.

我从来没想过，让我感觉糟糕的其实是停药引起的戒断反应。

The thought never occurred to me that it was withdraw from medication that was making me feel shitty.

这是一个大问题，尤其是像SSRIs和苯二氮䓬类这样的精神类药物，戒断起来特别困难。

And this is a big problem especially with psychological drugs like SSRIs and benzodiazepines in particular are so hard to withdraw from.

而且因为研究的重点放在开药上，而不是戒断上，是的。

And because because the the focus of research is on prescribing and not withdrawing Mhmm.

很多试图停用这些药物的人都是自己独自完成的。

A lot of people that try and withdraw from these things do it on their own.

是的。

Mhmm.

网上有很多论坛，人们都在互相交流如何正确地戒断SSRIs，以免彻底搞砸自己的生活。

Like there's forums on the Internet of all people swapping advice for how to properly withdraw from SSRIs without just completely fucking your shit up.

是的。

Mhmm.

这是因为根本不存在医生能帮你安全完成这个过程的方式。

And it's like because there isn't a way that you can actually have a doctor help you do this.

是的

Yeah.

他们被训练成给你更多，而不是更少。

They're trained to give you more not less.

是的

Yeah.

我现在正努力在生活中摆脱这种病态的思维方式。

It's very I I'm really trying in my life right now to move away from this kind of pathological thinking.

嗯

Mhmm.

因为我知道，我一生中经历了许多抑郁问题。

Because I know that, like, I've I've had a lot of problems with depression over my entire life.

我曾以为自己可能是双相情感障碍。

I've thought that maybe I'm bipolar.

当你开始用疾病的视角来看待自己的情绪时，嗯。

And then when when you start to see your own emotions through this lens of sickness Mhmm.

这就像是在说，我太难过了，但这是因为我不健康，你知道的。

It's just sort of like, oh, I'm too sad but it's like because I'm sick, you know.

哦，我现在感觉好些了。

Oh, now I'm up.

这就像另一种疾病的症状。

It's like another symptom of like the disease.

而不是仅仅想，也许感到难过是正常的，是的。

Instead of just being like, maybe it's normal to be sad every Yeah.

偶尔一次，也许这样也没关系。

Once in a Maybe and maybe that's okay.

这没什么。

And that's fine.

也许我应该去感受自己的情绪。

And maybe I should just feel my feelings.

是的。

Yeah.

但确实，人们不喜欢感受情绪。

But, yeah, people don't like to feel feelings.

感受情绪很难。

It's hard to feel feelings.

是的。

Yeah.

尤其是在我们被期望成为资本巨口中的机器时，情绪反而成了麻烦。

Especially when we're expected to be machines in the giant maw of capital, feelings are inconvenient.

而且，我们对快乐着迷。

And, you know, we're obsessed with pleasure.

所以，哦，是的。

So Oh, yeah.

任何令人悲伤的事。

Anything sad.

你知道，齐泽克和拉康的洞见是，那个临时的超我只不过是一直在告诉你去享受。

You know, the the the Zizek Lakhan insight that that could temporary superego is just one long thing telling you to enjoy.

当你没有充分享受时所产生的内疚感。

And the guilt that you have when you're not enjoying things sufficiently.

有意思。

Interesting.

是的。

Yeah.

马克·费舍尔在《资本主义现实主义》中也谈到过这种享乐主义，基本上就是这样。

Mark Fisher also talks about that in Capitalist Realism about like hedonism, basically, and just yeah.

我还有其他心理学方面的尖锐观点吗？

Do I have any more psychological hot takes?

没有。

No.

我觉得我讲得差不多了。

I think I'm good.

我把这些都吐出来了。

I got it out of my system.

不错。

Cool.

彼此善待。

Be good to each other.

是的。

Yeah.

你知道吗，走出这种困境的方法是回归社会，重新强调我们作为人类彼此之间负有责任这一事实。

You know, try because the the way out of this mess is a return to the social and a reemphasis of the fact that we as human beings owe each other something.

在新自由主义原子化面前重建社区，我认为对于抑郁和焦虑等问题尤其重要。

And building back communities in the face of neoliberal atomization, I think, is especially depression and things like anxiety.

长期的解决方案更可能在这里找到。

That's more where where we're gonna find a long term solution.

是的。

Yeah.

但在那之前，如果你需要吃药，就吃药吧。

But until then, if you need to take your pills, take your pills.

是的。

Yeah.

我不是在抱怨。

I'm not hating.

我们不是在抱怨。

We're not hating.

我们只是在进行理论探讨。

We're just we're just theorizing.

我们不是在抱怨。

We're not hating.

我们只是在高谈阔论。

We're pontificating.

我们是在高谈阔论。

We're pontificating.

没错。

Exactly.

那么我们来深入核心内容吧。

So let's get into the meat.

核心内容和骨架。

The the meat and the bones.

你可能以为刚才那些已经够丰富了，但老天，我们这次给你准备了更棒的东西。

You might have thought that that was meaty but damn if we got some good shit for you.

所以，说实话，我们刚才讨论的，以及人类所做的一切，或许在某种意义上都是在解读周围发生的事情。

So really, I mean, what we were just talking about and like everything that humans do, I guess, maybe in a sense is kind of like interpreting what's going on around them.

对吧？

Right?

解读符号总是存在某种关联。

There's always a relation to interpreting the signs.

是的。

Yeah.

无论你是解读扔出的骨头，还是理解一本书。

Whether you're reading Bones You've Thrown understand a book.

是的。

Yeah.

或者，你知道的，比如弄清楚你为什么难过之类的。

Or, you know, yeah, figuring out why you're sad or whatever it is.

好消息，亲爱的读者们。

Good news, dear readers.

这不仅仅有一个词来描述它。

There isn't just a word for it.

还有一整个研究领域。

There's a whole section of study.

对。

Yes.

这被称为符号学。

And that's called Semiotics.

哦，符号学。

Oh, semi or semiotics.

我不知道。

I don't know.

我想这要看情况。

I guess it depends.

土豆土豆。

Potato potato.

半？还是半？

Semi or semi?

我说的是符号学，但是

I I say semiotics, but

我会说符号学。

I'll say semiotics.

好的。

Okay.

不错。

Cool.

这样我们就有了代表性，是的。

That way we have representation Yes.

在莉拉这方面，你算是有点专家了。

On the Lila, you're a bit of an expert in this field.

也许吧。

Maybe.

我想是的。

I guess so.

对。

Yeah.

所以符号学基本上是研究符号过程，或者研究符号如何在特定主体的利益背景下，参照其对象产生解释项。

So Semiotics is is basically the study of sign processes or the study of how a sign gives rise to an interpretant in reference to an object within the context of the interests of an agent.

就是这样。

There you go.

很简单。

It's easy.

这是对符号的研究。

It's the study of signs.

我就说这是对符号的研究。

I'll just say it's the study of signs.

这是对符号的研究。

It's the study of signs.

听起来很复杂。

That sounds complicated.

拉娜，这些词是什么意思？

Lana, what do those words mean?

好的。

Okay.

行吧。

Alright.

所以有些人喜欢说符号学有两个分支。

So some people like to say that there are two branches of semiotics.

有一种叫符号学本身，还有一种叫符号学理论，我觉得法国人更倾向于用符号学理论，或者至少说法语使用者是这样。

There's like semiotics proper and then there's what's called semiology which is kind of like I think the French run more with the Semiology or the French speakers anyways.

这个概念更多源自索绪尔。

That comes more out of like Saussure.

符号学理论是不是更像我所说的应用符号学，而不是分析性的？还是我搞错了？

Is Semiology more like what I might call applied semiotics as opposed to sort of like the analytic or am I making So

这可能是完全胡说八道，但我还是想说，我认为符号学理论涉及的是二元关系，而广义的符号学则是三元关系。

I this could be complete bullshit but I'm just gonna say that I think that Semiology is assigned with a two part relation whereas Semiotics in the broader sense is a third part three part relation.

如果你想想二元关系，那就是索绪尔式的符号学理论。

So if you think of the two part relation, that's Saussurean Semiology.

比如，一个词代表一个概念。

That is like, for instance, an a word stands for a concept.

嗯。

Mhmm.

对于那些没读过索绪尔的听众，我们能不能简单介绍一下索绪尔？因为索绪尔可以说是符号学之父。

So like, for our our listeners that haven't read Saussure, can we give a just real quick breakdown of Saussure and because Saussure is kind of the father of semiotics.

对吧？

Right?

所以索绪尔实际上是语言学之父。

So Saussure Saussure is actually the father of linguistics.

是的。

Yeah.

他在语言学研究中包含了符号学和符号理论。

And he does include include Semiology and Semiotics in his study of linguistics.

但他痴迷于二元结构。

But for him, he's obsessed with to's.

一切都是两两成对的。

Everything is like two in two parts.

嗯。

So Mhmm.

例如，他提出了能指和所指。

He has for instance the Signifier and the Signified.

所以，比如我说‘树’，你就会想到脑海中那个柏拉图式的概念，即‘树’这个理念。

So like if I say tree, you're gonna think of like the platonic concept, the idea of a tree in your head.

是的。

Yeah.

因此，这基本上为我们即将讨论的内容奠定了基础：符号交换的概念起源于语言学，而符号就是词语。

So that's kind of like a a good base almost for what we're gonna be talking about is that the idea of sign exchanges began with linguistics and the signs were words.

对。

Right.

问题是词语如何与现实世界中的事物建立联系。

And it was a question of how words connected to things in the real world.

是的。

Yeah.

我认为重要的是要指出，他与之前的思想家有所不同，因为在那之前，人们认为如果我说‘树’，我实际上是在指代现实世界中的一个物体。

And I guess it's important to say that kind of distinguished himself from previous thinkers because before him it was thought that like if I said tree, I was actually referring to an object in the world.

是的。

Yeah.

但索绪尔说，不是这样的。

But Saussure says, no, that's not the case.

你只是在谈论一个概念。

You're just talking about a concept.

是的。

Yeah.

早期的语言学中，比如圣奥古斯丁时期，就有很大的影响。

There was a big like like really early linguistics with like Saint Augustine and stuff.

这几乎带有一种神秘的宗教色彩，认为词语与具体事物是紧密相连的，因为是上帝让它们如此关联的。

There's almost like this quasi mystical religiosity of it of like words are attached to definite things because like God made them attached.

明白了。

Okay.

这说得通。

That makes sense.

而索绪尔则更倾向于认为，这种关联本质上是任意的，对吧。

Whereas Saussure was kind of more like, it's arbitrary ultimately Right.

是的

Yeah.

但它有效。

But it works.

是的

Yeah.

这有点像，单词‘tree’并没有特别的理由必须与我们所说的‘tree’所指的现实事物绑定，但这只是我们一直以来的做法。

This is sort of like there's no particular reason that the word tree has to be attached to the thing in the world that we refer to when we say tree, but it's just it's just how we do it.

对。

Right.

而且它能解决问题。

And it gets it done.

对。

Right.

是的

Yeah.

所以他特别着迷于二元结构。

So is obsessed with twos.

对他来说，一切都成双成对。

Everything for him comes in pairs.

就像我们刚才说的，能指和所指，然后还有言语和语言。

So like we just said, signifier, signified, and then there's parole and long.

在我们进一步讨论之前，先定义一下符号、能指和所指。

Langue Before we even get to that, let's define sign, signifier and signified.

好的。

Okay.

所以对于索绪尔来说，一个符号可以想象成一个气泡，嗯。

So a sign is like so for Saussure, a sign, you can think of it as a bubble Uh-huh.

然后把气泡切成两半。

And then cut the bubble in two.

明白吗？

Okay?

所以整个气泡本身就是一个符号。

And so the whole bubble itself, that's a sign.

而构成符号的两个部分就是能指和所指。

And then the two parts that make up the sign are the signifier and the signified.

嗯。

Mhmm.

对他来说，能指可能是有点复杂，但他称之为声音形象，这并不是一个实际的单词。

So for him a signifier is this might be too complicated but it's he calls it an image acoustic which is not an actual word.

它更像是实际的……比如，我说‘树’。

It's like the actual so so for instance, I say tree.

当我说到‘树’时，他说，当一个人说‘树’时，他们会在脑海中想到声音，这就是声音形象。

When I say tree, you he says that when someone says tree, they think of the sounds in their mind and that is the image image acoustic.

它就像是

It's like

对。

Yeah.

是的。

Yeah.

就像这种波浪之类的。

Like this like the the wave or whatever.

我认为我理解的是，能指是符号的物质层面。

The way I think I've understood it is that the signifier material aspect of the sign.

它几乎就像纸上的文字。

It's almost like the word on the paper.

是的。

Yeah.

在符号化的过程中，纸上的文字就是能指。

In the process of signification, the word on the paper is the signifier.

单词，从你嘴里发出的声音，没错。

The word the sound of the word coming out of your mouth, the way Right.

“树”这个单词的发音。

The word tree sounds.

对。

Right.

那就是能指。

That's the signifier.

对。

Right.

好的。

Okay.

而所指则是概念。

And then the signified is the concept.

非常重要。

Very important.

树的概念。

The concept of the tree.

天啊。

Oh my god.

我在伯克利的教授们一定会为我感到骄傲

My professors at Berkeley would be so proud of me

现在。

right now.

这就是概念，各位女士们先生们。

It is the concept, ladies and gentlemen.

它不是世界上实际存在的东西。

It is not the actual thing in the world.

不。

No.

非常重要。

Very important.

我们并不在现实世界中。

We we're not in the world.

我们身处一个系统中。

We're in system.

我们处于语言结构中。

We're in Langue.

是的。

Yeah.

简要地讲一下拉康的观点，语言是一种异化的东西，我们所处理的并不是符号指向真实事物，而是符号指向真实事物的概念。

The to briefly point at the Lacanian point, language is an alienating thing where we're not so much dealing with signs pointing to real things as much as signs pointing to concepts of real things.

对。

Yes.

没错。

Exactly.

存在着许多分离和异化的链条，但我们暂时不深入讨论这些。

There's many chains of separation and alienation but we're not gonna get into that yet.

是的。

Yeah.

我的意思是，我们这里只是在玩弄概念。

I mean, we're just playing with concepts here.

对吧？

Right?

我们只是些浅薄的哲学家。

We're just low low philosophers.

亲爱的听众，请在你脑海中想象一棵树。

Picture a tree in your mind, dear listener.

是的。

Yeah.

让我的声音为你描绘出这个画面。

Let my sounds create that image for you.

所以，接着来看他对于二元对立的整个痴迷，比如这里的言语和区分。

So then, like, moving along with his, like, whole obsession with dualisms, parole and distinction here I think.

语言作为系统，比如某种东西的语法、整体体系，这就是我们通常所理解的语言。

So long is what we would think of like language as in system, like the grammar of something, like the overall system.

但正如他所说，那是一种抽象地存在于我们头脑中的东西。

But that's like he says that that's something that kind of abstractly lives in our heads.

嗯。

Mhmm.

而当我们说话时，那就是言语。

And then when we speak, that's parole.

那就是口语。

That's speech.

他说他对言语并不感兴趣，而

And he says that that so is not interested in parole which is

他感兴趣的是语言系统吗？

He's interested in Langue?

他感兴趣的是语言系统。

He's interested in Langue.

他只对语言系统感兴趣。

He's only interested in Langue.

他是的。

He's Yeah.

他就像活在抽象和系统、语法中。

He's like living in the abstract and the system, the grammar.

这真糟糕。

That sucks.

是的。

Yeah.

但通过做出这种区分，他为人们研究言语开辟了道路，而这正是语用学的来源。

But but by making that distinction, he does open the door for people to study parole and that's where we get pragmatics.

对。

Yeah.

如果人们对语言学有一定了解，将这种区分建立在他们更熟悉的语言上是非常重要的，这种语言几乎是那种非常规范主义的语言体系。

It's very important to ground that distinction in language people might be a little more familiar with if they know much about linguistics is the long is almost this very prescriptivist linguistic system.

嗯。

Mhmm.

你知道的，语言的规则，它应该如何，你应该如何说标准英语。

You know, the rules of a language, how it should be, how you're supposed to talk the king's English.

嗯。

Mhmm.

而言语行为是一种描述性语言学。

Whereas parole is a descriptive linguistics.

对。

Right.

比如我会跟你说话，可能会说一些语法上不正确的话，但你依然能理解我的意思。

Like I'm gonna talk to you and I'm I might say something that's like grammatically incorrect, but you still understand what I'm saying.

而且，有时即使某些表达在语法上不正确，只要是由母语者说出，也会被当作语法正确。

And that's still sometimes grammatically incorrect things, if spoken by a native speaker can pass as grammatically correct.

是的。

Yes.

因为再简要地提一下维特根斯坦说过的话，一个维特根斯坦式的观点是：语言本质上是一种工具的使用。

Because to again, very briefly point at something Wittgenstein said, a Wittgensteinian point, is that language is ultimately a kind of tool usage.

嗯。

Mhmm.

我们使用语言作为一种工具来彼此交流思想，这背后有特定的原因。

We we use language as a tool to communicate ideas between each other and there's specific reasons we do it.

所有规则和正式语言的正式结构，当你只是用它来完成任务时，最终都会失效。

And all of the rules and the formal structures of, like, formal language ultimately fall apart when you're just using it to get a job done.

或者不会完全失效，但它们的重要性不如语言在现实世界中的真实存在。

Or not fall apart entirely, but it's it's less important than the reality of how language exists in the world.

是的。

Yeah.

对。

Yeah.

好的。

Okay.

那么另一个二元对立是共时性和历时性。

So then another another dualism is synchrony and diachrony.

这个概念源自哪里？

Where does that come from?

这是索绪尔吗？

Is that Saussure?

这也是来自索绪尔的。

That's from Saussure as well.

共时性指的是时间不参与其中，因为没有变化发生。

So synchrony is the amount of basically like time is not involved because no changes happen.

历时性则是随时间的变化。

Diachrony is change over time.

所以

And so

这有什么重要意义吗？

What is that important for?

比如，诠释学就关注历时性。

So that's important for for instance, hermeneutics is interested interested in in diachrony.

历时性。

Diachrony.

好的。

Okay.

因为我们正在回溯到很早以前，所以需要理解事物是如何变化的。

Because we're going so far back into time that we need to like understand how things are changing.

这一点对音系学非常重要，因为语音层面会随着时间发生很多变化。

And that's like very in that's very important for phonology because there are lot of phonetic changes that happen over time.

嗯。

Mhmm.

但这是一个重要的区别，因为我觉得索绪尔的符号学本质上是共时性的视角。

But it's it's just an important distinction because I think that actually Saussure's Semiology is a synchronic take.

他没有纳入时间因素，因为他对符号化的过程并不感兴趣。

He doesn't include time because he's not interested in the process of semiosys.

哦，就像符号的演变？比如符号是如何变化的？

Oh, like the evolution of semio like how signs change?

不是。

No.

不。

No.

不。

No.

我给你举个例子。

I'll give you an example.

比如，semiosys 的过程就是指着这个罐子，然后你只是看着它。

So like a process of semiosys would be point to this can and then you just looked at it.

哦，是的。

Oh yeah.

对吧？

Right?

所以，我指的动作就是符号。

So so me pointing is the sign.

现在我们进入皮尔斯的语言体系了。

So this is now we're in the now we're in the language of Peirce.

所以我们把他和索绪尔区分开来。

So he's the other we we would distinguish him from Saussure.

他是另一种符号学，而且一切都以三元结构为基础。

He's a different kind of Semiotics and he's all in threes.

因此，对于这个例子，我首先指向这个罐子。

So for this, I point out the can first.

而这个符号就是我指的动作。

And this is this is the sign is me pointing.

罐子是对象，解释项是你转过头来看它。

The can is the object, the interpretant is you turning around to look at it.

我在看这个罐子，各位女士们先生们。

I'm looking at the can, ladies and gentlemen.

是的。

Yeah.

所以这是一个需要时间展开的过程。

So that that is a process that required time to unfold.

对吧？

Right?

它暗示了步骤。

It implies steps.

这并不是一种即时的符号化过程。

It's not like an immediate signification.

它需要在时间中存在。

It's like I needed to to exist temporally.

没错。

Exactly.

它确实是这样的。

It it yeah.

它只是允许一种不同的分析方式。

It just it allows for a different type of analysis.

很有趣。

Interesting.

而索绪尔在符号学方面则非常平面化，它非常单一。

Whereas Saussure is very flat when in in terms of Semiology anyways, it's very flat.

就像‘树’就是‘树’。

It's like tree is tree.

你知道的。

You know

我的意思你明白吗？

what I mean?

是的。

Yeah.

对。

Yeah.

对。

Yeah.

他谈论的不是交流。

He's not talking about communication.

嗯。

Mhmm.

那么，我们从索绪尔之后去哪里呢？

So where do we go from Saussure?

所以，我认为我们应该转向皮尔士。

So then, I think we go to Peirce.

皮尔士很酷，因为他简直疯了。

So Peirce is cool because he is fucking crazy.

好的。

Okay.

皮尔士生于1839年，死于1914年。

So Peirce, he was born in 1839, died in 1914.

他是实用主义的创始人，而实用主义是美国诞生的唯一一种哲学，这很有趣。

The father of pragmatism, which is the only philosophy to come out of The United States, interestingly enough.

这是题外话，但中国人对实用主义着迷。

This is an aside, but the Chinese are obsessed with pragmatism.

除了美国之外，实用主义文献最丰富的图书馆在北京。

The biggest library of prag of pragmatism, like literature outside of The United States is in Beijing.

实用主义被认为是语言学领域吗？

Is pragmatism considered a linguistic field or No.

纯粹的符号学吗？

Semiotics pure?

不是。

It's no.

它既不是符号学，也不是语言学。

It's not semiotics and it's not linguistics.

它更像是一种哲学。

It's like a it's it's philosophy.

它是哲学的一个分支。

It's a branch of philosophy.

天啊。

Oh shit.

比如威廉·詹姆斯

Like William James

哦。

Oh.

听说过。

Heard.

好的。

Okay.

是的。

Yeah.

他像是实用主义运动中的语言学分支。

He's like a linguistic arm of the pragmatism movement.

是的。

Yeah.

有点吧。

Kinda.

但他确实是个博学多才的人。

But he well, he was a polymath.

他做的远不止符号学。

He did way more than semiotics.

他涉猎科学、数学，方方面面。

He did like science, math, everything.

他实际上对符号学感兴趣，是把它当作一种逻辑映射的方式。

He was he was interested in semiotics actually as a way of mapping logic.

哦。

Oh.

哦。

Oh.

像形式逻辑那样。

Like form logic.

是的。

Yeah.

他关于符号学的第一篇文章标题是《逻辑作为符号学》。

His so his piece about his first piece about Semiotics is titled Logic as Semiotic.

好的。

Okay.

是的。

Yeah.

他真是个酷毙了的人。

He was such a cool dude.

但他从未获得终身教职，还患有一种奇怪的神经系统疾病，会无缘无故地突然在脸部一侧剧烈疼痛，每次持续几分钟。

But he never got tenure and he had like some crazy neurological disease that would just like he would get like intense pains in the side of his face for like minutes at a time for no reason.

他还有一个死对头叫西蒙·纽科姆，处处阻挠他。

And he had this nemesis named Simon Newcomb who like thwarted him at every turn.

我的意思是

And I mean

我真的需要一个厉害的死对头。

I really need a good nemesis.

是的。

Yeah.

但别找一个有权势的对手，看看可怜的皮尔斯。

But don't don't get a nemesis with power though because poor Purse.

他太有天赋了，而且出生在一个超级富有的家庭。

He was so genius and like he was born into a super rich family.

他成功避开了内战的兵役。

He like got out of like fighting in the civil war.

一切都很顺利。

Everything was cool.

他当时在哈佛工作，然后西蒙·纽科姆出现了，结果他被哈佛开除了，接着去了约翰·霍普金斯大学，还和一个未婚女子同居，西蒙觉得这太不像话。

He was like working at Harvard and then Simon Newcomb comes along and like he gets kicked out of Harvard and then he like goes to John Hopkins and he starts living with this woman out of wedlock and Simon's like, that's bad.

向警方告发了他。

Rats him out to to the cops.

在过去，你因为婚前性行为被人告发是很常见的事。

Back in the day when you could get snitched on for having premarital sex.

是的。

Yeah.

所以他们基本上因为他有个女朋友就把他赶出了镇子。

And so they like run him out of town for having a girlfriend basically.

然后他把继承的财产挥霍在宾夕法尼亚州的一处房产上，最后穷困潦倒地去世了。

And then he squandered his inheritance on some property in Pennsylvania and then died a destitute.

真是个悲惨又倒霉的人。

Sad fucked up man.

不管怎样，谁不是呢？

Anyways Who doesn't?

是的。

Yeah.

但皮尔士了不起的地方在于，他提出了图标、索引和符号的概念。

But so what's cool about Peirce is he came up the icon index symbol.

好吧。

Okay.

三元分类。

Trichotomy.

所以佩尔西的一切都是

So everything I

我不知道这是什么意思。

have no idea what that means.

佩尔西的一切都是三分法。

Everything for Purse is in threes.

当你从二进制进入三元时，一旦达到三，一切都会变得无限复杂。

And when you go from two to three, once you get to three, everything is like infinitely more complex.

嗯。

Mhmm.

所以是的。

And so yeah.

我该从哪里开始？

How do I start?

所以你不知道图标符号和指示符号之间的区别吗？

So you don't know the distinction between icon and index symbol?

不知道。

No.

好的。

Okay.

如果我们有一个网格，所有东西都分为第一、第二和第三，那么第一就是符号。

So if we have a grid and everything is in terms of first, seconds, and thirds, so the first the first would be the sign.

比如我指一下。

So for instance, me pointing.

指着那个罐子。

Pointing at the can.

第二是对象，也就是那个罐子本身。

The second is the object, which is the can itself.

嗯。

Mhmm.

第三是解释项，也就是你转头去看那个罐子。

The third is the interpretant, which is you turning to look at the can.

因为我读懂了你指的方向，我知道这意味着要转过去。

Because I I read the sign of you pointing and I know that that means turn.

对。

Right.

看

Look at

那个罐子。

the can.

是的。

Yeah.

但在那之中，还嵌套着另一个链条，比如，我为什么要去指那个罐子呢？

But then embedded within that, we have like another chain which is like, why did I even point at the can?

哦。

Oh.

这跟第一、第二还是第三有关吗？

Is that does that have to do with first, second, or third?

嗯，是的。

Well, yeah.

所以这是分形的。

So the so it's fractal.

哦，明白了。

Oh, okay.

你越往里看，我为什么一开始要指呢？

It was the the the further you zoom in, Why there's was I pointing in the first place?

是的。

Yeah.

对。

Yeah.

我怎么知道指手指的意思是要看这个罐子呢？

How did I even know that pointing the finger meant to be read as look at this can?