本集简介
双语字幕
仅展示文本字幕，不包含中文音频；想边听边看，请使用 Bayt 播客 App。
大家好。
Hey there, everybody.
这只是个简短的提醒：如果你听到这段话，说明你没有收听我们的付费订阅频道，这意味着你迟早会听到广告。
This is just a quick reminder that if you're hearing this, you aren't listening to our subscriber feed, which means that you're gonna be hearing some ads at some point.
如果你想避免听到这段广告或其他任何广告，只需前往 patreon./tumblepodcast，每月支付1美元即可；或者你也可以在Apple上加入Tumble Plus。
If you'd like not to listen to this ad or any other ad at all, all you need to do is go to patreon./tumblepodcast and pay just $1 a month or you can join Tumble Plus on Apple.
无论哪种方式，你都能获得无广告的播放源，从此在Tumble上再也不用听广告；如果你支持我们达到5美元或更高的等级，还能获得生日祝福和其他各种精彩福利。
Either way, you get access to an ad free feed where you never have to hear an ad on Tumble and if you support us at the $5 level or higher, you can get birthday shout outs and all kinds other cool stuff.
所以，请考虑加入我们吧，或者，你就继续收听也行。
So please think about joining or, you know, just keep on listening.
不管怎样，我们都很高兴有你。
We love having you either way.
你好。
Hi.
我是林赛。
I'm Lindsay.
我是马歇尔。
And I'm Marshall.
欢迎收听《Tumble》，一档探索科学发现故事的节目。
Welcome to Tumble, the show where we explore stories of science discovery.
今天，我们要探讨一下：暗物质是什么？
Today, we're asking what's dark matter?
嗯，我觉得这很简单。
Well, I think that's easy.
你只要拿一些物质，放进壁橱里，关掉灯，它就变暗了。
You just take some matter, put it in the closet, turn off the light, then it's dark.
不是这样的。
That's not what it is.
暗物质是我们看不见的东西，但它以我们想要理解的方式塑造着宇宙。
Dark matter is something that we can't see, but it shapes the universe in ways that we want to understand.
在这一集中，我们将前往一座大山深处的实验室，试图找到它。
In this episode, we'll be traveling to a laboratory deep within a mountain to try and find it.
今天的问题来自一位双语的《Tumble en Espanol》听众。
Today's question comes from a bilingual Tumble en Espanol listener.
你好。
Hello.
我叫赫罗尼莫，来自墨西哥城。
My name is Jeronimo, I'm from Mexico City.
我的问题是，暗物质是什么？
My question is, what is dark matter?
哦，我对这个问题很感兴趣。
Oh, I'm excited about this one.
我其实也不太清楚暗物质到底是什么，也许没人真正知道。
I I don't really know what dark matter is either, and maybe nobody does.
我的意思是，物质，至少是那种能发光的物质，到底是什么？
I mean, what is matter for, like, the light kind anyway?
物质基本上就是各种东西。
Well, matter is basically stuff.
任何有重量或占据空间的东西都是物质。
Anything that has weight or takes up space is matter.
当然。
Sure.
但科学家认为，宇宙中的物质比我们能看到的要多得多。
But scientists think there's much more matter in the universe than we can see.
他们估计，所有物质中有85%是暗物质。
They estimate that 85% of all matter is dark.
哦，那到底什么是暗的呢？
Oh, well, so what's dark?
好吧，我们来听听赫罗尼莫对暗物质可能是什么的看法。
Well, let's hear Jeronimo's idea of what dark matter might be.
他说他认为暗物质就像一种非常黑暗的力量，有点像《星球大战》。
So he's saying that he thinks dark matter is like a very dark force, like, kinda like Star Wars.
就像原力的黑暗面，那个我们不希望它统治帝国的面。
It's like the dark matter side of the Force, the one we don't want to run the empire.
这有点像科幻答案。
That's kind of a sci fi answer.
但真正的科学答案是什么？
But what's the real science answer?
让我们听听听众的想法。
Let's ask our listeners.
你认为暗物质是什么？
What do you think dark matter is?
你认为科学家会如何发现它？
And how do you think scientists would find out?
好好想想，因为我们很快会请一位科学家来分享，他正在用你可能意想不到的方式寻找暗物质。
Think about it because we'll be back with a scientist who is searching for dark matter in a way you may not expect.
为了给杰罗尼莫一个答案，我联系了阿尔瓦罗·查瓦里亚。
To get an answer for Jeronimo, I called up Alvaro Chavarria.
他原本来自哥斯达黎加，但现在正在法国阿尔卑斯山下一座山体深处的实验室里运行一个暗物质探测器。
He's originally from Costa Rica, but now he's running a dark matter detector in a lab deep underneath a mountain in the French Alps.
他告诉我，这还挺有趣的。
And he told me it's kind of fun.
刚开始有点难，但一旦上手了，就会变得非常享受。
It's hard to get started, but once you do, it's just super enjoyable.
我的意思是，这听起来确实是个很酷的工作，但你说的是一个深埋在山下的实验室？
I mean, that does sound like a really cool job, but you're talking about a lab deep under a mountain?
我的意思是，这听起来简直像个电影反派的基地。
I mean, that sounds like a movie villain to me.
确实有点像，但全世界的科学家都在做类似的事情。
Well, it kind of does, but this is something that scientists are doing all around the world.
实际上，地下实验室有不少。
There are actually quite a few underground labs.
我们做实验的那个实验室叫莫丹地下实验室。
The one where we have our experiment is called the Modan underground lab.
莫丹地下实验室位于法国和意大利之间的一条公路隧道中，地处阿尔卑斯山脉下方，正好在两国边界之下。
The Modan underground lab is in a road tunnel between France and Italy under the Alps Mountain Range that borders the two countries.
在这条隧道的中间，有一个巨大的洞穴，实验室就建在那里。
And in the middle of this tunnel, there is this cavern where the laboratory is.
往返于两国之间的人们可能根本不会注意到隧道中间那个巨大的金属门。
People driving between the two countries might not notice the big metal door in the middle of the tunnel.
这个门大到足以让卡车通过，旁边还有一扇供人通行的门。
It's large enough for a truck to go through, and there's a person sized door next to it.
只有在实验室工作的人才能进入那些门后。
Only people working in
实验室的人才能通过那些门。
the lab go behind those doors.
你在开玩笑吧？
Are you kidding me?
这简直就像一个隐藏在山下的秘密实验室，有个秘密门，人们开车经过却完全不知道，而他居然在研究暗物质。
It's like a secret undermountain lab with a secret door that people drive past without knowing about it, and he's studying dark matter.
这到底是什么情况？
What is going on here?
我的意思是，很多人都是这么想的。
I mean, a lot of people think like that.
是的。
Yeah.
但事实并非如此。
But it's it's not.
当然。
Sure.
当然了，阿尔瓦罗。
Sure, Alvaro.
但为什么它要建在地下？
But why is it underground?
只是为了显得更酷，还是你们在隐瞒什么？
Just to make it more cool, or are you hiding something?
不是。
No.
事实上，阿尔瓦罗将带我们走进幕后，分享他如何试图揭开暗物质的秘密。
In fact, Alvaro's going to take us behind the doors to share how he's trying to discover the secrets of dark matter.
好的。
Okay.
但他为什么要在地下做这件事？
But why is he doing it underground?
它在地下是因为暗物质探测器在那里最有可能发现暗物质。
It's underground because that's where dark matter detectors have their best hope of finding dark matter.
如果这些仪器被放置在地球表面，宇宙射线就会干扰它们。
If these instruments were to be placed on the surface of the Earth, then we would have cosmic rays that would interfere with it.
好的。
Okay.
这可能是《Tumble》节目有史以来最科幻的一集了。
So this is probably the most sci fi Tumble episode ever.
他身处一座山底下的地下实验室，在一条秘密隧道里，试图躲避宇宙射线。
He's in an underground lab at the bottom of a mountain in a secret tunnel that's trying to escape cosmic rays.
那么宇宙射线是如何造成干扰的？它们是来自外星飞船吗？
So how do the cosmic rays interfere, and are they coming from alien spaceships?
这正是我想知道的。
That's what I wanna know.
不是。
No.
宇宙射线实际上无处不在，阿尔瓦罗说，它们可能会让寻找暗物质的科学家感到困惑，因为对探测器来说，这两者看起来可能很相似。
Cosmic rays are actually everywhere, and Alvaro says that they could confuse scientists looking for dark matter because to the detector, the two things might look similar.
因此，为了阻止这种情况，我们就深入地下。
So to stop this, then we go deep underground.
宇宙射线无法穿透足够深的地壳到达实验室，但科学家们认为暗物质可以穿过地球。
Cosmic rays can't travel deep enough into the Earth's crust to reach the lab, but scientists believe that dark matter flows through the Earth.
天哪。
Oh my gosh.
好的。
Okay.
所以这就像是逃进一个只有暗物质才能找到的秘密基地。
So it's like an escape to a secret lair where only dark matter can be found.
我觉得你希望这听起来很邪恶，但其实并不是。
I feel like you want this to be evil, but it's not.
在我们穿过这些门进入实验室之前，让我们先明确一下关于暗物质搜索的几件事。
Before we go past these doors to enter the lab, let's get a few things clear about the search for dark matter.
这很邪恶。
It's evil.
不。
No.
哦，好吧。
Oh, okay.
像阿尔瓦罗这样的天体粒子物理学家希望理解构成物质的一切，以便我们了解宇宙是如何运作的。
Astro particle physicists like Alvaro want to understand everything that makes matter so we can understand how the universe works.
因此，自然会问是什么粒子或微小的构建单元构成了这种暗物质。
So it's a natural question to ask what are the particles or the little building blocks that make this dark matter.
好的。
Okay.
我知道物质就是我们能看到和互动的所有东西，更小的粒子如原子构成了物质。
So I know matter is like all the stuff that we see and interact with, and smaller things like atoms make up matter.
是的。
Yep.
没错。
You got it.
粒子是物质的最小单位。
Particles are the tiniest unit of matter.
例如，光是由粒子组成的，但还有很多我们看不到的其他类型的粒子。
For example, light is made up of particles, but there's many other types of particles that we can't see.
而就我们今天讨论的内容而言，特指暗物质或假想的暗物质粒子。
And in our case, specifically to what we're talking about today, dark matter or hypothetical dark matter particles.
他所说的假想暗物质粒子是什么意思？
What what does he mean hypothetical dark matter particles?
他这是什么意思？
What does he mean by that?
好问题。
Good question.
‘假设’这个词来源于‘假说’。
Hypothetical comes from the word hypothesis.
有一种假说或科学观点认为这些粒子是存在的。
And there's a hypothesis or scientific idea that these particles exist.
但这个观点尚未得到证实，而这正是阿尔瓦罗正在努力做的事情。
But that idea hasn't been proven yet, and that's exactly what Alvaro is trying to do.
好的。
Okay.
那么，这种假设的暗物质是什么概念呢？
So what is the idea of this hypothetical dark matter?
我想，即使我们无法确定它到底是什么，杰罗尼莫也想了解这一点。
I think that's what Jeronimo wanted to know, even if we can't say for sure what it is.
是的
Yeah.
这是阿尔瓦罗的解释。
Here's how Alvaro explained it.
所以，杰罗尼莫是对的，它确实有一部分与力有关，还有一部分与它之所以是暗的有关。
So her Jeronimo is right that it's it's there's some component of it that is related to force and something that is that's related to it being dark.
哦，明白了。
Oh, okay.
所以，卢克·天行者就是这样让石头漂浮的吗？
So is that how Luke Skywalker makes rocks float?
不是。
No.
让我们更详细地分析一下阿尔瓦罗所说的‘暗力’是什么意思。
Let's break down what Alvaro means by dark force a little more.
首先，谈谈‘力’。
First, with force.
当一个物体具有物质或质量时，它会对其他物体产生引力。
So when an object has matter or mass, then it exerts a gravitational pull on other objects.
好的。
Okay.
所以他意思是，力是一种吸引其他物体的东西。
So what he's saying is that a force is something that pulls on something else.
是的。
Yes.
当谈到物质和引力时。
When it comes to matter and gravity.
宇宙中主导的力是引力。
The dominant force in the universe is gravity.
明白了。
Alright.
终于，我们在谈论一件我知道是什么的东西。
Finally, we're talking about something I know what it is.
重力。
Gravity.
这就是为什么东西往上走最终会落下来的原因。
Why what goes up must come down.
这是个基本的定义。
That's a basic definition.
重力的作用是将物体拉向彼此，使我们的脚稳稳地踩在地球表面，并让行星围绕恒星在太空中运行。
Gravity's force pulls objects together, keeping our feet on the ground on Earth and keeping planets orbiting around stars in space.
但看起来似乎还存在另一种未知的引力源，或者某种我们看不见的力在影响天体，它是黑暗的。
But it looks like there is an additional source of gravity or something that is exerting a force on celestial objects that we cannot see, and it is dark.
啊，所以这就是暗物质，那种神秘的力。
Ah, so that's the dark matter, the mysterious force.
杰罗尼莫说对了。
Jeronimo was right.
对。
Right.
而且，暗物质对所有我们通常使用的望远镜和工具来说都是不可见的。
And also, dark matter has been invisible to all of the telescopes and tools we usually use.
这就是你所说的暗物质。
And that is what you call the dark matter.
但如果它是不可见的，我们怎么知道它存在呢？
But if it's invisible, how do we know it's there?
我们做一种叫做推断的事情。
We do something called infer.
推断某物意味着我们通过它对我们能观察到的事物产生的影响，来理解它的存在。
To infer something means that we understand that it exists because of the effects it has on something we can see.
我们通过它对所有天体施加的引力知道它的存在，只是我们看不到它。
We know its existence from the pull it exerts on all celestial objects, but we just can't see it.
好的。
Okay.
我想我明白了。
I think I get it.
所以我们可以通过推断得知暗物质存在，因为我们知道它对星系产生了影响。
So we can infer or understand that dark matter exists because we know it's doing something to galaxies.
没错。
Exactly.
暗物质是一种解释这种现象的理论。
Dark matter is the theory that explains what's happening.
阿尔瓦罗和其他科学家正试图通过寻找暗物质粒子来证明它的存在。
Alvaro and other scientists are trying to prove its existence by searching for dark matter particles.
好的。
Okay.
我想我明白了。
I think I get it.
那为什么阿尔瓦罗要在地下实验室寻找暗物质粒子呢？
Well, so why is Alvaro looking for dark matter particles in an underground lab?
如果暗物质在控制星系的运动，难道不应该去太空中找吗？
Wouldn't you wanna be, like, out in space if they're controlling how galaxies move?
因为据我所知，星系就在那里。
Because last I heard, that's where galaxies are.
嗯，我们本身就在一个星系里，按这个逻辑，暗物质也应该在地球上。
Well, we're in a galaxy, And by that logic, dark matter should be here on Earth.
由于暗物质存在于星系中，而我们也在星系内运动，因此理论上，会有大量粒子组成的‘风’吹过地球。
Since the dark matter is in the galaxy and we're moving in the galaxy, then they sort of, hypothetically, this wind of these particles that are blowing through the Earth.
好的。
Okay.
理论上的风。
Hypothetical wind.
开车时，你开着一辆想象中的跑车，脸上却感受到一阵想象中的微风。
Feeling a hypothetical breeze in your face while you drive a hypothetical sports car.
就在我们说话的时候，暗物质粒子可能正围绕着我们旋转，但我们并不知道。
Dark matter particles could be swirling around us as we speak, but we don't know.
要找到它们，你就得探测到它们。
To find them, you need to detect them.
所以我们尝试开发能够感知这种风中微小粒子的仪器。
And so what we tried is to develop instruments that can sort of sense the little particles in this wind.
所以就像某种特殊的钢琴之类的？
So like like a special kind of piano or something?
我敢肯定，特殊的钢琴不会起作用。
I'm pretty sure a special piano won't work.
对。
Right.
它必须是那种你吹奏的乐器，比如铜管乐器。
It would have to be, like, something you blow into, like a brass instrument.
木管乐器。
A woodwind.
是的。
Yeah.
对。
Yeah.
暗物质双簧管。
The dark matter oboe.
是的。
Yeah.
不。
No.
它是一个暗物质探测器。
It's a dark matter detector.
我们短暂休息一下。
Let's take a quick break.
回来后，我们将打开实验室的门，亲自看看它。
And when we come back, we'll open the doors to the lab to see it for ourselves.
Tumble 由 iXl Learning 赞助支持。
Tumble is brought to you with support of iXl Learning.
如果你是家庭教育家庭，你知道春天即将到来，而春天伴随着各种活动，比如像我们所在的东北地区，终于可以不用全副武装就能外出活动了。
If you're a homeschool family, you know that spring is coming up, and with spring comes the flurry of activity like if you're in the Northeast like we are, actually being able to go outside without having to seriously gear up first.
当日程开始
As schedules start
填满各种
to fill up with all
我们终于又能进行的户外活动时，保持学习的连贯性可能会变得很有挑战性。
the outdoor activities that we can finally do again, it can be challenging to keep learning consistent.
IXL 让你通过专注且灵活的练习轻松保持进度，完美契合你的日常安排。
IXL makes it simple to stay on track with focused, flexible practice that fits your routine.
在我们家，我们发现孩子们需要持续的支持，才能在学年后期依然专注于任务并持续推进课程，而 IXL 正好能提供这样的帮助。
In our house, we find that our kids need ongoing support to stay on task and keep moving forward with curriculum as the year wears on, and iXL does a great job of providing just that.
它提供实时反馈和进度追踪，灵活且个性化，能真正保持孩子的学习动力。
It gives real time feedback and progress tracking, it's flexible and personalized, and it can really keep motivation up.
立即行动，为孩子的学习带来改变，现在就获取 IXL 吧。
Make an impact on your child's learning, get iXl now.
Tumble 儿童科学播客的听众今天注册 ixl.com/tumble，即可享受 IXL 会员专属 20% 折扣。
And Tumble Science Podcast for Kids listeners can get an exclusive 20% off IXL membership when they sign up today at ixl.com/tumble.
访问 ixl.com/tumble，以最优惠的价格获取最有效的学习项目。
Visit ixl.com/tumble to get the most effective learning program out there at the best price.
所有在车里的孩子们注意。
Calling all kids in the car.
我是布兰妮和梅雷迪思，来自广受欢迎的家庭公路旅行问答播客。
Britney and Meredith here from the chart topping family road trip trivia podcast.
你是否厌倦了和家人一起度过沉默的车程？
Are you dreading another silent car ride with the fam?
我们有解决办法。
We've got the cure.
每周都有三轮全新的问答内容。
Three rounds of fresh trivia every single week.
涵盖电影、音乐，甚至迪士尼的科学知识。
Movies, music, even science in Disney.
车里每个问答爱好者都能找到感兴趣的内容。
We've got something for every trivia buff in the car.
漫长的旅途中再也不会一片寂静。
No more crickets chirping on those long journeys.
家庭公路旅行问答播客是你与各个年龄段的孩子、青少年、幼儿和成人建立联系、共同欢笑的秘密武器。
The family road trip trivia podcast is your secret weapon for connecting and laughing with kids of all ages, teens, toddlers, adults.
这并不重要。
It doesn't matter.
每一集都能激发他们的好奇心，挑战他们的思维。
Spark their curiosity and challenge their brains with every episode.
新集数每周在你收听播客的任何平台上线。
New episodes drop weekly wherever you get your podcasts.
搜索‘家庭公路旅行问答播客’，把车程变成史诗般的冒险。
Search for the family road trip trivia podcast and turn those car rides into epic adventures.
我们回来了。
We're back.
所以我们已经了解了科学家们认为暗物质可能是什么，以及它在理解宇宙中的重要性。
So we've learned what scientists think dark matter might be and why it's important in the understanding of our universe.
我们就站在进入MODAN地下实验室的门口。
And we were right at the door to enter the MODAN underground lab.
在隧道中央，突然出现一扇门，你知道的，一扇很大的门。
At the middle of the tunnel, suddenly, there is a door, you know, a big door.
好的。
Alright.
那么，我们现在可以进去了吗？
Well, so do we get to go in now?
可以。
Yes.
穿过门之后，实验室内部是一个宽敞的多层房间。
Once we're past the doors, the lab opens up into a large multi story room.
墙壁当然是岩石，而且也没有窗户。
The walls are rock, of course, and there's also no windows.
这里有办公室、餐厅和洗手间。
There are offices, a lunchroom, and bathrooms.
实验室里摆满了各种高科技实验设备，包括阿尔瓦罗的暗物质探测器。
And the lab is filled with equipment for various high-tech experiments, including Alvaro's dark matter detector.
那有没有那种大椅子，实验室主任在向下属公布计划时可以转圈，然后狂笑？
Are there also, like, large chairs where the lab director can spin around once he's ready to reveal his plans to his underlings and then laugh maniacally?
没有。
No.
这种普通的地下实验室并没有这种功能。
That is not a feature in this regular lab that just happens to be underground.
我应该补充一下，它位于一座山下。
Underneath a mountain, I should add.
好的。
Okay.
但现在我们必须做一些特别的事情才能到达探测器所在的位置。
But now we have to do something special to actually get to where the detector is.
如果你想操作这台仪器，就必须进入洁净室。
Now if you want to work on the instrument, you have to access the clean room.
无尘室？
A clean room?
意思是其他房间都很脏吗？
Does that mean, like, all the other rooms are dirty?
比如到处都是衣服和灰尘？
Like, they've got clothes and dust all over them?
也不完全是，但衣服和灰尘确实与此密切相关。
Not exactly, but clothes and dust do have a lot to do with it.
我们在日常活动中，衣服和鞋子上会沾上很多灰尘颗粒，而探测器不能有任何外来颗粒靠近。
We pick up a lot of dust particles on our clothes and our shoes as we go about our days, And the detector can't have any stray particles coming around.
所以我们进入之前必须换上专门的衣服。
So we need to change into special clothes before we can go in.
要进入无尘室，你需要经过一个叫更衣室的地方，在那里你从日常服装换上无尘室专用服装，也就是所谓的‘兔子服’。
To access the clean room, you go through something called a gowning room, which is the space where you transition from wearing your everyday clothes to clean room gowns, which, you know, sometimes called, like, bunny suits.
对吧？
Right?
兔子服？
Bunny suits?
所以我现在想象着一群复活节兔子在四处走动。
So now I'm imagining a bunch of, like, Easter bunnies walking around.
它们是干净的吗？
Are they clean?
复活节兔子服？
Easter bunny suits?
不是。
No.
这些有点不一样。
These are a little bit different.
它们有点像科学家穿的连体衣。
They're kind of like scientist onesies.
它们能防止灰尘沾到你身上。
They keep dust off of you.
然后你穿上这件白色连体服。
And then you put this coverall over you, this white coverall.
接下来，接下来我们戴上手套。
Next, Next, we cover our hands.
然后你会戴上多层手套。
And then you put multiple layers of gloves.
我们还会换鞋，并在鞋子外面再加一层保护。
And we change our shoes and put another layer over them.
在洁净室鞋外面再套上鞋套。
Put also booties on top of your cleanroom shoes.
当我们从头到脚全副武装后，就会进入风淋室。
And when we're all covered head to toe, we take an air shower.
就像一个小胶囊，你走进去，它会吹气把你身上残留的灰尘吹掉。
Like a little capsule that you walk in, it blows air on you to remove all residual dust.
哦，一场看不见的淋浴，用来寻找看不见的暗物质。
Oh, an invisible shower to find invisible dark matter.
是的
Yep.
最后，我们准备好了。
And finally, we're ready.
你进去吧。
You go inside.
好的。
Alright.
现在我们已经进入洁净室，里面是暗物质探测器。
Well, now we're inside the clean room with the dark matter detector.
那么，它到底长什么样呢？
Like, what what does this actually look like?
从外面看，它又大又笨重，外面包裹着一种能屏蔽外部粒子的材料。
From the outside, it's big and bulky and encased in a material that shields it from outside particles.
它差不多有冰箱那么大，而且一部分功能也像冰箱。
It's kinda the size of a refrigerator, and part of it acts like a refrigerator, too.
实验本身位于一种称为低温恒温器的装置内。
The experiment itself sits inside something called a cryostat.
这是一种使内部物品保持低温的容器。
Which is a vessel on which the things inside are cold.
为什么必须保持低温？
Why does it have to be cold?
这是因为宇宙射线和热量可能会干扰实验。
Well, it's because like cosmic rays, heat could interfere with the experiments.
是的。
Yeah.
探测器还被一层由铅制成的内层屏蔽罩覆盖，目的是阻挡其他类型的粒子。
The detector is also covered by an interior shield made of lead designed to keep the other types of particles out.
所有这些防护措施所保护的，是一系列极其精密、极其灵敏的传感器。
And what all of that is protecting is a series of very delicate, very sensitive sensors.
那么，这些传感器是如何工作的？
So but how do the sensors work?
它们和我们日常使用的一些技术并没有太大不同。
Well, they're not too different from some of the technology we use every day.
一个与我们工作相关的简单例子就是相机。
A very simple example which is related to what we do is a camera.
相机内部有一个传感器，用于检测光线，这些光线被捕捉在称为像素的小方块中。
A camera has a sensor inside designed to detect light, which is captured in tiny squares called pixels.
阿尔瓦罗将这种技术进行了更复杂的改进，并重新设计用于探测暗物质。
Alvaro has taken a more complex version of that and redesigned it for dark matter.
所以，如果一个暗物质粒子与某个像素中的原子发生碰撞，就会像信号一样在那里亮起来。
And so the idea is that if you were to have one of these dark matter particles have a collision with the atom in one of the pixels, then you would get it to light up like a signal right there.
哦，天哪。
Oh, wow.
所以它们并不是强迫粒子发生碰撞。
So it's like they're not forcing the particles to collide.
它们只是静静地等待事情发生，一旦发生，传感器就会通知你。
They're just sitting and waiting for something to just happen, and the sensors will let you know if it happened.
是的
Yeah.
而且发生这种情况的概率实际上非常低。
And the chance that something will happen is actually very low.
因为相互作用极其罕见。
Because interactions are extremely rare.
你可能需要收集一年的数据，才能看到一个暗物质粒子在某个像素中产生一个信号。
You have to collect data maybe for one year to see probably one dark matter particle give you a signal in one of the pixels.
等等。
Wait.
你得等一年才等到一个暗物质粒子？
You have to wait one year for just one dark matter particle?
这到底是怎么回事？
Like, what's up with that?
科学家们认为，暗物质如此难以探测，是因为它与普通物质的相互作用非常少。
Well, scientists assume that dark matter is so hard to find because it doesn't really interact much with normal matter.
所以它不太可能频繁地经过传感器。
So it's not likely to come across the sensor very frequently.
这意味着传感器一直在检测到大量空无一物。
And that means the sensor is finding a lot of nothing.
所以一旦设备安装好并开始运行，它所做的只是拍照。
So once the device is installed and it's running, all it's doing is taking pictures.
我的意思是，什么都没有。
I mean, nothing.
对吧？
Right?
因为那里是漆黑一片。
Because it's it's dark.
既然我又在想，他们有没有试过开灯？
Since again, I'm wondering, did they try turning on the light?
我觉得那样会有帮助。
I feel like that would help.
马歇尔。
Marshall.
马歇尔。
Marshall.
这不会有帮助。
It will not help.
好的。
Okay.
这个设备的目的是捕捉人类历史上第一张暗物质粒子的照片。
The idea is that this device would take the first ever snapshot of a dark matter particle.
在我看来，这绝对值得尝试。
Well, that sounds to me like it would be totally worth it.
那么，阿尔瓦罗拍到那张照片了吗？
So has Alvaro gotten that photo yet?
他找到暗物质了吗？
Has has he found dark matter?
嗯，他打开了探测器。
Well, he turned on the detector.
我们运行了几个月，但什么都没看到。
And we run for a few months, and we didn't see anything.
好的。
Okay.
所以什么都没发现。
So nothing.
我想你得运行一整年，而他只运行了几个月，所以你大概也不指望能找到什么。
Well, I guess you have to run it for a year, and he's only been running it for a few months, so you probably didn't expect to find anything.
没错。
Exactly.
这是一次试运行。
This was a test run.
我们希望用十倍数量的设备，运行十倍长的时间，不是一个月，也不是几个月，而是好几年。
We're hoping to run with 10 times as more devices for 10 times as long, not a month, not months, but years.
有了更多的设备和更长的时间，他们找到暗物质的机会就会更大，这也有助于他们检验关于暗物质本质的众多理论。
With more devices and more time, they'll have a better chance of finding dark matter, and it will also help them test the many theories of what dark matter is.
剩下的理论将被排除，或者我们在明年就能发现暗物质。
And what remains will be ruled out, or we will discover the dark matter in the next year.
哦，明白了。
Oh, okay.
所以我认为可能性有两种：一是他排除了所有现有的理论，结果什么都没留下；二是他发现了暗物质粒子，那将非常令人兴奋。
So I guess the possibilities are either, a, he crosses off all the theories that exist leaving nothing, or b, he finds a dark matter particle, which would be pretty exciting.
但如果他排除了所有
But what if he crosses off all the
理论，而什么都没剩下呢？
theories and there's nothing left?
这才是真正关键的问题。
That's the really big question.
还有一种可能是，我们完全搞错了，暗物质根本不存在，真正的答案是完全不同的东西。
And then there is the probability that we got everything wrong and dark matter is not even there, and the solution is an entirely different thing.
等等。
Wait.
等等。
Wait.
什么？
What?
所以，他可能会发现暗物质根本不存在，我们有的只是普通物质？
So he could find that dark matter doesn't even exist and we just have light matter?
是的。
Yes.
这是一种可能性。
That's a possibility.
阿尔瓦罗正在研发他的探测器，因为他相信通过这种方式能够发现暗物质。
Alvaro is working on his detector because he believes that he will find dark matter this way.
但有人终有一天会颠覆我们自以为知道的一切，这个想法也让他感到兴奋。
But the idea that someday someone could turn everything we think we know on its head, that's also exciting to him.
这对年轻人来说应该非常鼓舞人心。
Which is should be very encouraging to young people.
对吧？
Right?
我们面临这样一个巨大的谜题，也许我们只需要一场革命来真正弄清楚究竟发生了什么。
The fact that we have this big puzzle, then maybe we just need a revolution to figure out really what's going on.
一场科学革命正是在这里的地下实验室中开始的。
A scientific revolution started right here in an underground lab.
情节变得更加科幻了。
The plot gets even more sci fi.
这并不一定是科幻。
It doesn't have to be sci fi.
这就是科学的工作方式。
This is how science works.
这是我们理解宇宙现状的方式，也许也是我们未来将要学习的方式。
It's how we've come to understand what we know about the universe and maybe what we'll learn in the future.
那我们来问问杰罗尼莫他学到了什么。
So let's ask Jeronimo what he learned.
听完这期节目后，我学到的最重要的一点是，也许暗物质根本不存在。
After listening to the episode, the biggest thing I learned is that maybe dark matter doesn't exist.
如果暗物质真的不存在，那就太让人失望了，等于白建了那个地下实验室。
It would be kind of a bummer if it didn't exist, like build that whole underground lab for nothing.
我同意。
I agree.
但科学家们已经发现了许多其他类型的理论粒子，所以我相信他们最终会找到他们要找的东西。
But scientists have found lots of other kinds of theoretical particles, so I feel like they're gonna find what they're looking for.
而且，这还不是杰罗尼莫从这期节目中学到的唯一收获。
And also, that wasn't Jeronimo's only takeaway from this episode.
暗物质是一种我们看不见但无处不在的力。
Dark matter is a force that we don't see, but it's all around us.
我在想，我该怎么测量它呢？
I thought, how could I measure it?
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非常感谢。
Thank you so much.
谢谢您，Jeronimo，提了这么棒的问题。
Well, thanks, Jeronimo, your excellent question.
是的。
Yes.
我们会继续探讨这些深奥的科学话题。
And we'll keep covering these dark science We
我们将探索最深邃的领域。
will explore the darkest depths.
既然你已经了解了Alvaro如何在地下实验室寻找暗物质，那就设计你自己的地下实验室和实验吧，你会在那里创造什么样的
Now that you've learned how Alvaro searches for dark matter in an underground lab, design your own underground lab and experiment, and what kind
生物呢？
of mutants will you create there?
不是生物。
Not mutants.
嗯，你永远不知道。
Well, you never know.
想想你想要在地下研究的科学问题。
Think about the kinds of science questions you would want to study underground.
然后为你的实验装置设计一份蓝图，并确定它的位置。
Then design a blueprint for your experimental device and where it would be.
你的地下实验室会有什么特殊功能吗？
Would your underground lab have any special features?
它会叫什么名字？
What would it be named?
请将你的地下实验室的图纸或描述发送至 tumblepodcastgmail dot com。
Send us drawings or descriptions of your underground lab to tumblepodcastgmail dot com.
我们非常期待看到它们。
We would love to see them.
旁白：感谢博士。
Voiceover: Thanks to Doctor.
阿尔瓦罗·查瓦里亚，西雅图华盛顿大学物理学副教授，DAMEC-M国际协作项目的探测器负责人。
Alvaro Chavarria, Associate Professor of Physics at the University of Washington in Seattle and detector lead for the Damec M International Collaboration.
特别感谢杰罗尼莫提出的问题和提供的录音。
Special thanks to Jeronimo for his question and recordings.
别忘了，你可以像杰罗尼莫一样，在任何获取播客的平台收听《Tumble》西班牙语版。
Don't forget you can listen to Tumble en Espanol just like Jeronimo does anywhere you get your podcasts.
如果你想了解更多关于物理学和宇宙的知识，不妨收听我们的节目《曾经存在过虚无吗？》。
If you wanna learn more about physics and the universe, check out our episode, or Was There Ever Nothing?
在我们的西班牙语和英语播客频道都能找到。
On both our Spanish and English podcast feeds.
用两种语言都听一遍，超级有趣。
It's super fun to listen in both languages.
另外，如果你喜欢我们的内容并想支持我们的节目，请加入我们的Patreon。
Also, if you love what we're doing and you wanna help us support the show, join our Patreon.
当你加入5美元或更高档位的会员时，你将获得无广告的剧集、参与节目的特别机会，当然还有即将到来的生日祝福。
When you join at the $5 level or higher, you'll get ad free episodes, special chances to be on the show, and of course, the birthday shout outs, which are coming up in just a minute.
在 patreon.com/tumblepodcast 注册达到 5 美元或以上等级。
When you sign up at the $5 level or higher at patreon.com/tumblepodcast.
埃利奥特·哈贾吉是我们的助理制片人。
Elliot Hajjaj is our assistant producer.
莎拉·罗伯逊·伦特是我们的主编，并制作了本集的封面图。
Sarah Robertson Lent is our managing editor and created the episode art.
混音和母带处理由加里·卡尔洪·詹姆斯完成。
Mixing and mastering is by Gary Calhoun James.
本集我们得到了内里亚·内茨的特别协助。
We had special help on this episode from Neria Nets.
我是林赛·帕特森，本节目的执行制片人，也是本集的撰稿人。
I'm Lindsay Patterson, executive producer of the show, and I wrote this episode.
我是马歇尔·埃斯卡米拉，我为《Tumble》制作所有音乐。
And I'm Marshall Escamilla, and I make all the music for Tumble.
《Tumble 科学》由 Tumble Media 制作。
Tumble Science is production of Tumble Media.
谢谢收听，敬请期待更多科学发现的故事。
Thanks for listening, and stay tuned for more stories of science discovery.
好了，各位。
Alright, everybody.
我们来到了本集的结尾，此时此刻，我们应该知道这意味着什么。
Here we are at the end of the episode, and by now, we should know what that means.
我之前真的说过这句话。
I honestly said this earlier.
这是赞助人生日鸣谢环节。
It's Patreon birthday shout outs.
谢谢。
Thank you.
谢谢。
Thank you.
谢谢。
Thank you.
哇哦。
Woo.
哇哦。
Woo.
哇哦。
Woo.
哇哦。
Woo.
这太棒了。
This is great.
但在那之前，我们要表扬一些新赞助者。
But before we get to that, we've got some new patrons to call out.
我们有雨果和威廉。
We got Hugo and William.
非常非常感谢你们。
Thank you guys so so much.
那么我们来聊聊生日吧。
So here we go on birthdays.
首先，祝三月二十一日出生的赞德九岁生日快乐，来自爸爸的祝福。
First, a happy happy ninth birthday on March 21 to Xander from dad.
爸爸喜欢在《Tumble》剧集前后以及任何时候都和你讨论科学。
Dad loves discussing science with you before, during, and after the Tumble episode and any other time too.
也祝四月二日出生的威廉生日快乐。
Happy birthday also to William on April 2.
你的父母深爱着你，所有香蕉族人都在庆祝这美好的一天。
Your parents love you and all of the banana citizens celebrate this glorious day.
有人得告诉我那到底是什么意思。
Someone someone's gotta tell me what's up with that.
香蕉族人？
Banana citizens?
总之，非常感谢你们所有人，以及所有在Patreon上支持《Tumble》的朋友。
Anyway, thanks so much to all of you and to everyone who supports Tumble on Patreon.
我们非常感激，真的非常感激，我希望你们都知道，如果没有我们在Patreon上的订阅者支持，我们根本无法继续制作《Tumble》的剧集。
We do appreciate it so, so much, and I hope you all know that we couldn't keep making episodes of Tumble without the support of our subscribers on Patreon.
如果你想加入这些优秀的人，并获得属于自己的生日祝福，请前往patreon.com/tumblepodcast，以5美元或更高的档位支持《Tumble》。
If you wanna join these fine folks and get a birthday shout out of your own, go ahead and support Tumble on Patreon at the $5 level or higher by going to patreon.com/tumblepodcast.
再次提醒，网址是patreon.com/tumblepodcast。
Once again, that is patreon.com/tumblepodcast.
哦，对了，你听完 episode 后没有立刻离开，这让你跻身于非常稀有的听众行列。
Oh, and hey, you didn't stop listening after the episode was over, which puts you in pretty rare company.
干得漂亮。
Way to go.
恭喜你，亲爱的。
Congratulations, you.
非常感谢你一直听到最后。
Thanks so much for listening all the way to the end.
我猜你一定在期待有什么特别的内容吧。
I'm sure you're hoping there's gonna be something special.
事实上，确实有。
And in fact, there is.
我要给你们提前透露一下我们在Tumble正在筹备的一些特别活动。
I'm gonna give you guys a special heads up about something that we've got going on at Tumble.
你们可能还记得，去年我们举办了一场特别的笑话马拉松筹款活动，那是一场由几位儿童播客主持人参加的史诗级比赛，他们争相用最蠢的冷笑话逗彼此大笑。
You might remember that last year, we hosted a special Jokeathon fundraiser, which was an epic tournament between several kids podcasters who tried to make each other laugh with the dumbest dad jokes they could think of.
好吧，我想告诉你们，今年我们又要再次举办这项活动，邀请一些我们最喜欢的儿童播客主持人参与，但今年我们会有一些全新的安排。
Well, wanna I let you guys know that we're doing it again with some of our favorite kid podcasters, but this year, we're doing something completely new.
今年，我们将挑选几位孩子加入比赛，争夺为他们自己和他们的学校赢得丰厚奖品的机会。
This year, we're going to select a few kids to join the tournament and compete to win awesome prizes for them and their school.
那么，你觉得自己有本事让Story Pirates的Lee笑到崩溃吗？
So do you think you've got what it takes to make Lee from Story Pirates Crack Up?
或者，你觉得自己能让The Past and the Curious的Mick彻底笑疯吗？
Or do you think you can get Mick from The Past and the Curious to lose it?
如果答案是肯定的，那就去tumble.science吧。
If so, go to tumble.science.
就是正常的拼写方式，tumble.science，tumble。
That's all spelled the normal way, tumble.science, tumble.
Sciencejokecontestant，其中的 J 和 C 要大写。
Sciencejokecontestant, with a capital J and a capital C.
所以再次提醒，是 tumble。
So once again, that's tumble.
Sciencejokecontestant，然后在那里填写表格，你就有机会成为 Jokeathon 的参赛者之一。
Sciencejoke contestant and fill out the form there and you'll be entered to become one of the possible contestants for the Jokeathon.
如果你感兴趣，就去吧。
If you're interested, just go.
我们真的对此非常期待。
We really are excited about it.
再强调一次，是 tumble。
One more time, that's tumble.
Sciencejokecontestant。
Sciencejokecontestant.
我们迫不及待地期待你的加入。
We can't wait to have you join.
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