特朗普高等教育战争中的牺牲品

我是阿伊莎·罗斯科，这里是周日故事栏目，我们将超越日常新闻，为您带来一则重要报道。今天，我们将聚焦高等教育。这也是总统近期重点关注的话题。

I'm Ayesha Roscoe, and this is a Sunday story where we go beyond the news of the day to bring you one big story. Today, we're looking at higher education. This is something the president has been focusing on too.

我们在高等教育上的投入比任何国家都多，可他们却把学生培养成共产主义者、恐怖分子以及形形色色的同情者。

We spend more money on higher education than any other country, and yet they're turning our students into communists and terrorists and sympathizers of many, many different dimensions.

特朗普总统多次谴责某些大学存在偏颇的教学议程。他批评批判性种族理论和所谓性别意识形态的教学，并指责高校宣扬反美观点。他还对部分校园内犹太学生的遭遇表示不满。以下是2024年特朗普在拉斯维加斯活动中的发言。

President Trump's complained a lot about biased teaching agendas at some universities. He's criticized the teaching of critical race theory and what he calls gender ideology. And he's argued that colleges push anti American views. He's also complained about the treatment of Jewish students on some campuses. Here's Trump at an event in Las Vegas in 2024.

高校必须停止反犹主义宣传，否则将失去认证资格和联邦资助。一分钱都不会拨给——

Colleges will and must end the antisemitic propaganda or they will lose their accreditation and federal support. No money will go

那些拒不整改的学校。

to them if they don't.

切断资金的威胁已迅速成为现实。自一月起，特朗普政府已扣留全国高校数十亿美元研究经费。政府还针对国际学生加强管控，收紧学生签证，甚至暂停部分入境许可，以此打击大学招生和收入。这让各校管理层仓促应对未来规划。NPR记者艾丽莎·纳德维尔尼持续追踪了这些政策对美国及全球校园的影响。

And the threat to choke off money has quickly turned real. Since January, the Trump administration has withheld billions of dollars in research funding to colleges and universities across the country. The administration has also focused its attention on international students, clamping down on student visas and in some cases suspending entry as another way to strike at university enrollment and revenue. It's left university leaders scrambling to plan for the future. NPR correspondent, Alyssa Nadwirnie has been following the impact of these changes on American campuses and beyond.

本期周日故事，我们将探讨她的所见所闻。请持续关注。

Today on the Sunday story, we'll talk about what she's been seeing and hearing. Stay with us.

在NPR的《Throughline》播客中，移民执法如今或许更为显眼，但这一局面并非始于特朗普总统的第二次就职典礼，甚至也不是他的第一次。这个系列节目讲述移民问题如何变得政治化并成为摇钱树的故事。请在NPR应用或你获取播客的任何平台收听《Throughline》。

On the Throughline podcast from NPR, immigration enforcement might be more visible now, but this moment didn't begin with president Trump's second inauguration or even his first. A series from Throughline about how immigration became political and a cash cow. Listen to Throughline in the NPR app or wherever you get your podcasts.

嗨，我是蕾切尔·马丁，NPR《Wildcard》节目的主持人。在我担任电台主持人的许多年里，沉默总让我有些紧张——那种等待回答前的停顿，因为你不知道麦克风另一端正在发生什么。

Hey. It's Rachel Martin. I'm the host of Wildcard from NPR. For a lot of my years as a radio host, silence sort of made me nervous. That pause before an answer because you don't know what's going on on the other side of the mic.

但现在，我却爱上了这种沉默。

But these days, I love it.

天哪。

Gosh.

哇哦，给我一分钟。

Woah. Give me a minute.

对，对，好好想想。请收听NPR独家播客《Wildcard》。在

Yeah. Yeah. Think. Listen to the wild card podcast only from NPR. On the

《Ted Radio Hour》播客中，Astro Teller领导着Alphabet的秘密实验室，成功项目如自动驾驶汽车和高调失败如谷歌眼镜皆出自其手。

Ted Radio Hour podcast, Astro Teller leads Alphabet's secret lab behind successful projects like self driving cars and high profile flops like Google Glass.

我们来得实在太早了

We were too too early

在那种情况下。

in that case.

Alphabet登月工厂CEO谈创新与时机的把握。请通过NPR应用或您获取播客的任何平台收听。

The CEO of Alphabet's Moonshot Factory on innovation and getting the timing right. Listen on the NPR app or wherever you get your podcasts.

这是周日特辑。我是艾莎·罗斯科，今天与我搭档的是NPR记者艾莉莎·纳德瓦尼。嗨，艾莉莎。

This is a Sunday story. I'm Ayesha Roscoe joined today by NPR correspondent Alyssa Nadwarney. Hi, Alyssa.

嗨，艾莎。谢谢邀请我。

Hey, Ayesha. Thanks for having me.

新学年开始了。我是说，我们已经身处其中，孩子们都返校了。大学生们的秋季学期也正在进行中。

So it's a new school year. I mean, we're we're in it, you know, all the kids are back in school. If you're in college, fall semester is underway.

而且

And

艾丽莎，作为一名报道高等教育的记者，我能想象你最近相当忙碌。我也确实如此。那么你在校园里都看到和听到了些什么？

Alyssa, as a reporter covering higher ed, I can imagine you've been pretty busy. I sure have. So what have you been seeing and hearing on campuses?

嗯，我在布法罗大学开始了这个学年，这是一所拥有约3万名学生的公立大学。和全国许多大型公立大学一样，他们有相当数量的国际学生。在正常年份，国际生约占学生总数的20%。学校离加拿大边境很近，但实际上很多国际学生来自印度和中国，还有其他各地。他们的新生班级里有来自约100个国家的学生。

Well, I started the school year at the University at Buffalo, which is a large public university with about 30,000 students. And like a lot of large public universities across the country, they have a substantial number of international students. So in a typical year, they make up about 20% of the student body there. And the school is really close to the Canadian border, but actually a lot of their international students come from India and China, but also all over. They have about 100 countries represented in their freshman class.

所以我去了他们的国际学生迎新会，这是在开学前一周举行的。

So I went there for international student orientation, which happened a week before classes started.

我叫普里约塔，来自孟加拉国。我是卡尔沙提，来自印度。我叫丽贝卡，来自牙买加。

My name is Priyota, and I'm from Bangladesh. I'm Karshati, and I'm from India. My name is Rebecca, and I'm from Jamaica.

我是来自韩国首尔的闵宰。

I'm Minjae from Seoul, South Korea.

所以来自世界各地的学生们终于来到了校园。他们正在规划课程、认识室友、领取学生证。

So students from all over the world finally get to be on campus. They were mapping out their classes, meeting their roommates, getting their student IDs.

来，笑一笑。我要拍了

So just smile. I'm gonna take

数到三就行动。一、二、三。

it on three. One, two, three.

当时充满了紧张、活力和兴奋。但说实话，经历了学生签证政策变动和延误的动荡夏季后，大家也深感解脱，阿耶莎。学生们能抵达校园都心怀感激，他们告诉我这个夏天获取签证的过程多么煎熬。

There were a lot of nerves and energy and excitement. But honestly, after such a rocky summer with all the changes and delays to student visas, there was also a lot of relief, Ayesha. I mean, students were so grateful to have made it to campus, and they told me how stressful it was this summer to get visas.

至少我们到了。对我来说，关键是我成功抵达了。

At least we're here. For me, the main thing is that I got here.

我和来自罗马尼亚的达莉娅·托凡聊过，在破冰活动上还认识了印度浦那的卡沙迪·加格沃德。你们的签证流程是怎么开始的？

I talked with Daria Tofan from Romania. I met her and Karshadi Gagward from Pune, India at an icebreaker event. How's the visa process started?

别问这个。太糟糕了。简直疯狂。

No. Don't ask me about it. It was awful. No. It was was is crazy.

大使馆关闭了。我只能拼命祈祷，心想这次真的完了。你什么时候面试的？

They shut down the embassies. I just prayed so hard to God. I was like, this is the time. When did you have the interview?

我 我

I I

听起来压力真的很大。为什么他们入境这么困难？

mean, that sounds really stressful. Why has it been so hard for them to get in?

是的。过去六个月里，特朗普政府以国家安全和外交政策为由，大幅收紧国际学生签证政策，声称要保障校园安全。初夏时，全球使领馆暂停了签证面谈，而这正是许多学生本应拿到签证准备秋季入学的时间。国务院还改革了学生签证申请和面谈流程，加强了对审查体系的监督力度。

Yeah. Well, over the last six months, the Trump administration has really tightened their grip on international student visas, citing national security and foreign policy concerns. They say they want to keep campuses safe. In early summer, embassies and consulates temporarily paused visa interviews around the world, and that's a time when a lot of students would be getting their visas in time to start fall semester. The State Department also revamped the student visa application and interview process, bringing additional scrutiny to the vetting system.

这意味着更多拒签案例和面谈预约困难，当然也给已录取学生带来巨大焦虑——毕竟没有移民文件就无法注册课程。

So that has meant there's more denials and difficulty getting visa interviews and of course, like a ton of anxiety for accepted students because you can't even register for classes unless you have your immigration documents.

你叫什么名字？

What's your name and name?

我采访了新德里的希维卡·辛格。这位即将攻读心理学的大一新生被布法罗大学录取后，加入了一个印度学生群聊。她说群里很多人因无法及时预约面签，最终没能和她一起参加新生入学指导。

I spoke to Shivika Singh from New Delhi about this. She's a freshman about to study psychology And when she first got accepted to Buffalo, she joined a group chat of other students from India. And a lot of those students from the chat, she says, couldn't get the visa appointments in time. And so they weren't at orientation with her.

由于签证问题，他们中大多数人现在转去了英国，但仍有部分在等待春季学期。

Most of them are now transferring to UK because of the visa situation, but some are still waiting for the spring semester.

考虑到最近的种种困难和现政府的言论，国际学生为什么还愿意来这里？

I guess, like, you know, given all of these recent hardships and the rhetoric from the current administration, why do international students still wanna come here?

尽管存在障碍，我在布法罗交谈的学生们仍然高度评价美国大学学位。再听听希维卡怎么说。

Well, even with the barriers, the students I talked to at Buffalo told me they still highly value a US college degree. Here's Shivika again.

从一开始我就只有一个目标，那就是来这里上大学。如果没能实现这个目标，我会非常痛苦。

I only had one goal from the beginning. It was to go to college here. So if I didn't reach that goal, it would have been very painful.

我与布法罗大学教务长斯科特·韦伯交谈过，他告诉我他们看到了很多延期入学的情况。学生们都在等待春季学期晚些时候再开始。

I spoke to University at Buffalo Provost Scott Weber and he told me they've been seeing a lot of deferrals. So students are waiting to start a semester later in the spring.

我们认为这是一个非常积极的信号，表明美国高等教育的价值仍然被视为极其强大，我们提供的强大学术项目让他们渴望继续追求。

We take that as a very positive sign that the value of higher education in The United States is still seen as incredibly strong and that we offer very strong academic programs for them to pursue and that they're eager to continue that pursuit.

但大学预计今年秋季国际学生将减少约750人，下降约15%。下降主要集中在研究生项目和STEM领域。韦伯告诉我，这对学校是巨大的财务打击，因为国际学生通常支付全额学费，这笔收入对大学整体财务状况至关重要。这意味着他们不得不专注于其他方式来提高入学率。

But the university is expecting a decline this fall of about 750 international students. That's down by about 15%. And the drop is mostly in graduate programs and in STEM fields. And Weber told me that it is a big financial hit for the school because international students often pay full tuition and that revenue is essential to the overall financial bottom line of the university. This has meant that they've had to focus on other ways to boost enrollment.

韦伯告诉我，他们增加了对国内学生的录取。实际上，今年秋季他们录取了迄今为止最大的新生班级。

So Weber told me they've upped their acceptance of domestic students. They actually admitted their largest freshman class to date this fall.

嗯，这似乎是人们可以视为对美国学生有利的事情，如果他们想进入这所学校的话

Well, that seems like something that, you know, people could view as a good thing for US students who want to attend the school or

是的。

Yeah.

或是想送孩子去这些学校的家长。

Or parents who want to send their kids to these schools.

没错。这个观点很到位。我是说，特朗普总统和其他保守派声音指责国际学生抢占了本该属于美国公民的大学名额。我把这个问题抛给韦伯时，他否认了这一点。他说至少在布法罗大学，他们有能力接纳所有合格的学生。

Yeah. That's a really good point. I mean, President Trump and other conservative voices have accused international students of taking university spots that could go to American citizens. And I put this question to Weber, and he denied this. He says, At least at Buffalo, there is room for everyone at his university.

我可以向您保证，我们的国际学生并不会挤占其他符合条件且能在此取得成功的学生的名额。

I would assure you that our international students do not take spots for other students who are qualified to attend and would be successful here.

所以阿伊莎，这种招生乱象从亚利桑那到马萨诸塞州都在上演。各大学预计今年秋季国际生入学人数会继续下滑。

So, Ayesha, this trend of enrollment chaos, it's playing out all over from Arizona to Massachusetts. Universities are expecting similar drops in international enrollment this fall.

那你听到的消息认为这种趋势会持续多久？这只是短暂波动吗？尽管我们采访到了那些被录取的学生，但要知道，现在很多国际学生因为签证问题和移民政策收紧根本不敢考虑美国。是的，他们感到害怕。

So what are you hearing about how long this trend is going to last? Like, is this just a blip? And I mean and even though, you know, we we heard from those students who got in, I mean, there are a lot of international students who are not looking at The US right now because of the visa issues and immigration crackdowns. Yeah. I mean, they're scared.

国际学生减少对美国意味着什么？

What would that mean for The US to have less international students?

是的。去年，有超过一百万国际学生在美国学习。所以这意义重大。我的意思是，他们为美国经济贡献了约430亿美元。关键是，他们来读本科后，往往会继续攻读研究生课程，然后是博士后研究，并找到工作。

Yeah. Well, last year, more than a million international students studied in The US. So it would mean a lot. I mean, they contribute about $43,000,000,000 to The US economy. And the thing is, when they come for undergrad, they often stay for graduate programs and then postdoc research and they get jobs.

这会产生巨大的经济影响。我与Fanta Ah交谈过，她领导着一个名为国际教育工作者协会（NAFSA）的组织。Ah的组织预测，今年秋季新国际学生人数将出现全国性下降，这将损害地方经济。

There is a big economic impact. I talked with Fanta Ah, she leads the organization called the Association of International Educators or NAFSA. Ah's organization predicts that there's gonna be a national drop in new international students this fall and it's going to hurt local economies.

因此，国际学生的流失将导致美国创新和创业能力的显著下滑，产生长期影响。这将波及大大小小的社区。

So the loss of international students will lead to really a significant downturn in innovation and entrepreneurship for The United States, which will have long term impact. This will affect communities, large and small.

该组织7月发布的报告指出，地方经济可能损失高达70亿美元的消费支出和超过6万个工作岗位。目前政府已多次释放信号要限制国际学生，这可能意味着高校将长期面临这一问题。但特朗普似乎注意到了今年秋季人数下降及其经济影响。报告发布约一个月后，他表态要调整国际学生政策，告诉记者计划将在美中国留学生数量翻倍。

The organization published a report in July that suggested that local economies could lose as much as $7,000,000,000 in spending and more than 60,000 jobs. Now, the administration has sent a number of signals that they want to limit international students, which could potentially mean that this could be long term for colleges. But Trump does seem to be paying attention to the fact that the numbers this fall are down and that that could have an economic impact. About a month after that report came out, he signaled a shift on international students telling reporters that he planned to double the amount of Chinese students studying in The US.

我喜欢他们的学生来这里。我喜欢其他国家的学生来这里。知道如果他们不来会怎样吗？我们的大学体系很快就会崩溃。

I like that their students come here. I like that other country's students come here. And you know what would happen if they didn't? Our college system would go to hell very quickly.

目前，我与数十位大学校长交谈过，他们表示这只是新学期开始面临的众多挑战之一。说实话，他们正经历一场财务风暴。有裁员，教职工中弥漫着恐慌情绪。他们必须平衡预算。

Now, I have been talking with dozens of college presidents who tell me that this is just one of the many challenges that they're facing right now as the school year begins. I mean, they're experiencing honestly a financial firestorm. There's layoffs. There's a lot of panic among faculty. They have to make budgets work.

比如，芝加哥的西北大学约一个月前裁掉了500多人。波士顿大学因预算问题解雇了100多名员工。而这一切还发生在联邦大幅削减经费的背景下。

I mean, Northwestern University in Chicago laid off more than 500 people about a month ago. Boston University laid off more than 100 staffers amid budget challenges. And this is all happening in the face of these huge federal funding cuts too.

稍后回来时，我们将深入探讨这些资金削减及其对远离大学校园的人们产生的影响。

When we come back, we'll take a closer look at these funding cuts and how they're affecting people far away from university campuses.

在《生活指南》节目中，我们认真对待每一条建议。我们为您带来基于证据的推荐。为此，我们会与各领域的研究人员和专家对话，因为我们也和您有着同样的疑问。比如：我的洗发水里究竟含有什么成分？该不该让孩子退出足球队？在经济不确定时期该如何处理我的积蓄？

Here at Life Kit, we take advice seriously. We bring you evidence based recommendations. And to do that, we talk with researchers and experts on all sorts of topics. Because we have the same questions you do. Like, what's really in my shampoo, or should I let my kid quit soccer, or what should I do with my savings in uncertain economic times?

您可以通过NPR应用程序或任何播客平台收听NPR《生活指南》节目。

You can listen to NPR's life kit in the NPR app or wherever you get your podcasts.

随着我国政治格局的重大转变，《能否维系》系列节目将深入剖析这对您和我们民主制度的关键影响。在这个每周播出的专题中，我们聚焦这些变革，并解答您关于特朗普政府执政对美国影响的疑问。每周一请锁定NPR与WAMU联合制作的《能否维系》播客节目。

With a major shift in our politics underway in this country, one a is drilling down on what's at stake for you and our democracy. In our weekly series, if you can keep it, we put these changes into focus and answer your questions about the impact of the Trump administration on The US. Join us every Monday for if you can keep it on the one a podcast from NPR and WAMU.

接下来请收听NPR《贯穿线》节目。

On the next through line from NPR.

人们对此确实存在伦理和道德困境，从一开始就感到不安。

People have real ethical and moral quandaries about this. People are uncomfortable from the very beginning.

关于移民拘留的生意经。

The business of migrant detention.

请在NPR应用或您获取播客的任何平台收听。

Listen in the NPR app or wherever you get your podcasts.

我们再次连线NPR高等教育记者Alyssa Nadwarni。Alyssa，我想大多数人——当然也包括我——并未意识到联邦政府以研究拨款形式向大学投入了如此巨额资金。能否谈谈这个庞大的资助体系？

We're back with NPR higher education correspondent, Alyssa Nadwarni. Alyssa, I don't think that most people, and certainly I didn't realize just how much money the federal government gives to universities in the form of these research grants. Can you talk about this massive system of grant giving?

是的。这套体系主要始于二战后，当时联邦政府实质上投资并高度信任大学来开展研发工作。为此我采访了New America智库（偏左翼）

Yeah. Well, it mostly started after World War II, when the federal government essentially invested and deeply entrusted universities to conduct research and development. So I talked with Shailin Jotisci. He's the managing director of the Future of Work and Innovation Economy initiative at New America, a left leaning think tank about this.

政府-大学-产业三方研发合作构建了二十世纪的美国经济。从iPhone到GPS技术，再到强化维生素D的研发，其根基都源于联邦资助的研究。

The government university industry partnership for r and d built the American economy in the twentieth century. Everything from the iPhone to GPS technology, fortified the vitamin D has had its roots in federally funded research.

这我真不知道，原以为这些研发都来自军方。

I mean, didn't know that. I thought it was like the military.

以iPhone为例，其核心技术源于MIT对半导体（现代科技基石）的研究。仅2021年，联邦政府就通过数十个机构向高校拨款约1800亿美元（政府问责办公室数据）。特朗普深谙这笔资金的杠杆作用——因为这类研究确实没有替代性融资渠道。

So think about like the iPhone, the technology that helped create the iPhone. It was based on research that MIT did on semiconductors, which essentially power everything we do. In 2021 alone, the federal government gave colleges and universities about $180,000,000,000 across dozens of federal agencies according to the government accountability office. Now Trump understands the power of that funding as leverage. The reason is there really isn't an alternative way to fund this work.

金额过于庞大，产出存在太多不确定性，私营企业乃至整个行业都无力承担这种风险。过去半年，特朗普通过取消超100亿美元联邦研究拨款（涉及农业、网络安全、糖尿病等近所有学科领域，影响包括大型公立学院和小型精英学院）试图改变高校现状。Ayesha，这波及癌症研究、可穿戴技术、农业解决方案、儿童早期发展、家庭暴力研究等几乎每个学科领域。

It's just too much money. There are too many unknowns in output for a private company or even an industry to take on those kinds of risks. Now, in the last six months, Trump has sought change at universities by canceling more than $10,000,000,000 in federal research grants at dozens of universities in nearly every subject and discipline from farming to cybersecurity to diabetes research. And it's affected a bunch of different institutions, large public colleges, small elite colleges. I mean, Ayesha, we are talking about cancer research, research in new wearable technology, farming solutions, early childhood development, domestic violence research, it has hit nearly every discipline and subject.

那么白宫为撤回所有这些资金给出的理由是什么？

So what is the justification that the White House gives for pulling all of these funds?

嗯，他们将其描述为一场民权斗争。在信件和文件中，政府指控大学存在诸如自由派偏见、在招生政策中考虑种族因素等行为，这些在最高法院裁决后已属非法。但最主要的理由是打击校园内的反犹太主义。在10月7日以色列遭受袭击及随后加沙地带的轰炸之后，大学校园内出现了许多支持巴勒斯坦的抗议活动，有时伴随着对以色列的激烈言辞，某些情况下校园内的犹太学生还遭到骚扰。

Well, they frame this as a fight for civil rights. So in letters and documents, the government has accused universities of things like liberal bias, of considering race in admissions policies, which is illegal following a Supreme Court decision. But the largest justification is combating antisemitism on campus. So in the wake of October 7 attacks on Israel and then the subsequent bombardment on Gaza, there were a lot of pro Palestinian protests at universities. And sometimes that came with angry rhetoric towards Israel and in some cases Jewish students on campus were harassed.

这促使政府将焦点放在反犹太主义问题上。因此，这些被取消的资助大多源于政府所称的大学在遏制校园歧视方面反应不力。然而，政府的批评者认为这只是借口，政府只是想找理由打压高校，尤其是精英学府。与我交谈的研究人员表示，他们看不出自己所从事的工作（比如医学研究）与校园觉醒主义或反犹太主义指控之间有何关联。

And that helped spark this focus on anti Semitism within the administration. And so most of these canceled grants stem from what the administration says were inept responses from universities to curb discrimination on campus. Now, critics of the administration say that this is simply a pretext, that the administration just wanted reasons to crack down on colleges, particularly elite ones. And researchers I've talked to tell me they don't see the link between what they're working on, like medical research, and accusations of campus wokeness or anti Semitism.

我们感觉自己成了附带损害。

We feel like collateral damage.

我采访了康奈尔大学生物医学工程系的吉姆·安塔基博士，该校位于纽约州伊萨卡市。

I talked with Doctor. Jim Antacky, who is a biomedical engineer at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York.

学校遭到了全面而无差别的严厉惩罚。没有理由这样惩罚我们，我们正努力为世界做贡献。

There was a sweeping punishment put upon the university, and it was across the board indiscriminately. There's this is no reason to punish us. We're trying to to do good in the world.

我猜他是那些联邦资助被削减的研究人员之一吧。

I'm guessing he's one of the researchers whose federal grant was cut.

是的，他正在研发一种专为婴幼儿设计的人工心脏。但今年春天，国防部取消了他超过600万美元、为期多年的儿科心脏泵研发资助。当时Antaki医生已处于研发制造的最后阶段，即将进入临床试验。尽管他拼命寻找其他资金来源，实验室却不得不停止所有工作。

Yeah, he's working on designing an artificial heart for infants and toddlers. But this spring, the Department of Defense canceled his more than $6,000,000 multi year grant to make a pediatric heart pump. So Doctor. Antaki was in the final stages of research and manufacturing before it went to clinical trials. And while he's desperately trying to find other funding resources, his lab has had to stop all work.

随后，他在该项目上的核心技术人员被康奈尔大学解雇了。

And then his key technician on the project was laid off by Cornell.

我们只能束手无策地干着急。眼睁睁看着实验室规模缩减，儿科心脏泵项目可能就此终结。这令人心碎又沮丧。我口袋里总装着那个婴儿泵原型，它就像我的安全毯——只有AA电池大小，距离拯救儿童生命仅一步之遥。

So we're sitting on our hands and you know biting our nails. I'm seeing before my eyes the contraction of our lab and perhaps the end of the road for the pediatric heart pump project. It's heartbreaking and it's frustrating. I carry in my pocket the prototype of the baby pump and it's like my security blanket. It's about the size of a AA battery And it's so close to being used to save lives and children.

那么谁会因此受害？需要这种设备的人群规模大吗？

So who's going to suffer from this? Is there a large population of people that need this device?

美国约百分之一的新生儿患有先天性心脏缺陷，但目前没有针对婴幼儿的人工心脏。FDA甚至将此列为关键医疗设备需求领域。这正是激励Antaky医生的原因——他毕生都在从事这项研究。

Well, about one in one hundred babies in The US are born with a congenital heart defect, and there's no artificial heart designed for babies or young kids. The FDA even identified this as an area of critical medical device need. And that's what motivates Doctor. Antaky. He has been working on this research his whole career.

现有技术使用的是体外泵，仅能短期维持。我们的设备将植入体内，很可能置于横膈膜下方的胃部区域。目前患者使用体外设备时，可能需住院数月，家属承受的痛苦难以想象。

The current technology involves pumps that are outside the body and are really only useful for short periods of time. This device will be implanted inside the body, most likely like under the diaphragm, like in the stomach area. Right now, patients get this external device, could be in the hospital for months. And just the anguish that the families go through is just unimaginable.

这可是婴幼儿啊，最脆弱的群体。

I mean, we're talking about babies and toddlers. I mean, that's just the most vulnerable population.

是的，这对家庭来说真的很艰难。我去了费城儿童医院，见到了一个正在经历这种难以想象时刻的家庭，他们的孩子使用着VAD，也就是人工心脏。

Yeah, and it's really tough for the families. I went to Children's Hospital of Philadelphia to meet one of those families who's going through kind of this unimaginable time, they have a child on a VAD, which is an artificial heart.

妈妈？嗯。VAD代表什么？哦。那么，你有几个什么类型的心脏？

Mom? Yeah. What does VAD stand for? Oh. Well, how many what type of heart do you have?

单心室。对。那正常心脏有几个心室？两个。

Single ventricle. Yeah. And what how many ventricles does a typical heart have? Two.

没错。

That's right.

这是诺里斯·斯特里克兰和她四岁的儿子凯莱布。他出生时就患有先天性心脏缺陷。在他很小的时候，接受了三次心脏直视手术来修复心脏，所以到了四岁生日时，他实际上已经过上了相当正常孩子的生活。

So That's Norris Strickland and her son Caleb, who's four. He was born with a congenital heart defect. And when he was really little, he had three open heart surgeries to repair his heart so that by his fourth birthday, he was actually living the life of a pretty normal kid.

C、A、L、E，然后是B。那拼出来是什么？凯莱布。你是说我的名字？你是说你的名字？

C, A, L, E and then B. So what does that spell? Caleb. I mean my name? You mean your name?

我是说我的名字。

I mean my name.

但去年春天，一场病毒使他本已衰弱的心脏陷入衰竭。他在医院度过了最后三个月，依靠人工心脏泵维持生命。这在他等待移植期间保住了他的命，但限制很大。

But last spring a virus sent his already weak heart into failure And he spent the last three months at the hospital with an artificial heart pump. It's keeping him alive while he waits for a transplant, but it's pretty limiting.

把我举起来。

Lift me up.

举你

Lift you

起来？好吧。

up? Okay.

其实我挺重的。你呢？

Actually, I'm pretty heavy. You are?

是啊。好吧。来，你坐我膝盖上吧？

Yeah. Okay. Here, why don't you sit on my knee?

人工心脏装置里充满了血液，挂在凯莱布瘦小的身躯上。

The artificial heart device is filled with blood and it hangs from Caleb's skinny little frame.

我的东西呢？

What's mine?

驱动设备的iKis驱动器装有轮子，重约300磅，只能断电约三十分钟。我要拔掉塔可的电源——凯莱布给他的心脏泵起了个绰号叫塔可。当他去走廊的游戏室时，基本上只有二十分钟时间就得重新接上电源。那个装着所有抗凝血药物的带轮支架也得跟着走。

The iKis driver, which powers the device is on wheels and it weighs about 300 pounds and can only be unplugged for about thirty minutes. I'm gonna unplug Taco. Caleb nicknamed his heart pump Taco. And when he goes down to the hall to the playroom, he basically has twenty minutes to get himself plugged back in. The wheeled pole with all his blood thinning medicine, that one also comes along.

你得推着西兰花走。他管这个叫西兰花。基本上他给所有维持他生命的东西都起了名字。所以他的心脏泵叫塔可，他的心室辅助装置叫亨利，取自他最喜欢的《托马斯小火车》里的角色。

You're gonna have to push broccoli. It's called broccoli. Basically, he named all the things that help keep him alive. So his heart pump is taco. His vad is Henry after his favorite train character on Thomas the Tank Engine.

他还给那个装着抗凝药物的带轮支架起名叫西兰花。我们要把这三样都带上吗？

And he named that wheeled pole with all the blunt fitting medicine broccoli. And we're taking all three of them with us?

必须带上，你看，它们都连在我身上。看到了吗？都连着我呢。好吧。

We have to because look. They're connected to me. See? They're connected to me. Alright.

这是我的车。看着它让我心碎。我们走吧。

This is my van. It hurts my heart. Let's go.

我是说，听凯莱布的故事太让人难受了，他还只是个孩子。他所经历的太不公平了。是啊。听着凯莱布和他妈妈的故事，感觉大学和研究经费削减之类的事情离他们很遥远，但这些决策和政策却直接影响了他们，而他们对此毫无掌控力。

I mean, you know, it's so it's so hard to hear Caleb because he's just a kid. And it's so unfair what he is going through. Yeah. Listening to like Caleb and his mom, it just seems so far away from the idea of like, college and research funding cuts and all of that, but they are still being impacted directly by those decisions and those policies that that they have no control over.

是的，绝对如此。这项研究的利害关系影响着全国各地的真实人群，就像凯莱布和他的家人一样。

Yeah, absolutely. The stakes of this research affect real people all over the country, just like Caleb and his family.

我们能洗澡吗？我们能洗澡吗？妈妈，我们能洗澡吗？孩子，情况总是可能更糟的。

Can we wash? Can we wash? Can we wash, mom? You can always be worse, bud.

但后来，诺拉告诉我，情况也可能好转。她请了工作假，整天在医院陪凯莱布。她说，如果凯莱布能有一个便携式植入装置，他就能去游乐场。他可以回家，可以外出活动。不需要插在墙上，也不会被束缚。

But then, you know, later Nora told me, like, it could also be better. She took a leave of absence from her job and spends her days at the hospital with Caleb. She says, you know, if Caleb could have a portable implant Caleb could go to the playground. He'd be home and he'd be out and about. He wouldn't need to be plugged into a wall and he wouldn't be tethered.

对于安塔基医生和凯莱布妈妈提出的这些削减可能危害美国儿童健康的担忧，行政部门是如何回应的？

How has the administration responded to the concerns from Doctor. Antaki and Caleb's mom that these cuts could harm the health of American kids?

当被问及为何取消安塔基医生的研究时，国防部的拨款官员在一封电子邮件中表示，这是‘遵照行政部门的指示’，并未提供更多细节。今年夏天，FDA将儿科心室辅助设备列入了医疗设备短缺名单。但当我向卫生与公众服务部询问这种讽刺——取消的正是专注于开发此类设备的拨款时，他们对此不予置评。他们确实表示，‘确保公众能够获得安全有效的医疗设备是FDA的首要任务。’

When asked about why Doctor. Antaky's research was canceled, the grant officer at the DoD said in an email that it was, quote, at the direction of the administration and provided no further details. Now, this summer, the FDA added pediatric ventricular assist devices to their medical device shortage list. But when I reached out to the Department of Health and Human Services about this irony canceling a grant focused on developing just that, they didn't have a comment on that. They did say, quote, Ensuring the public has access to safe and effective medical devices is a top priority for the FDA.

那么安塔基医生和他的实验室前景如何？

So what's the outlook for Doctor. Antaky and his lab?

嗯，一个希望是大学能与特朗普政府达成协议。这样就能为安塔基医生和康奈尔大学其他数百名研究人员恢复资金。而且已经有路线图了。到目前为止，哥伦比亚大学和布朗大学都已同意恢复研究资金的协议。

Well, one hope is that the university makes a deal with the Trump administration. And then that gets this funding for Doctor. Antaky and hundreds of other Cornell researchers to be reinstated. And there has been a roadmap for this. So far, both Columbia University and Brown University have agreed to deals to restore research funding.

哥伦比亚大学率先行动。他们同意在三年内向联邦政府支付2亿美元。这笔钱基本上会进入国库，类似于一般基金。所以实际上并不清楚这笔钱将用于何处。他们还同意采取措施遏制校园内的反犹太主义，并分享招生数据等其他事项。

Columbia went first. They agreed to pay 200,000,000 over three years to the federal government. It's basically money that goes to the treasury, like into the general fund. So it's actually not clear what that money is gonna be used for. They also agreed to take steps to curb antisemitism on campus and to share data related to admissions among other things.

作为回报，政府表示将恢复哥伦比亚大学约13亿美元的联邦资金使用权。这笔金额包括恢复冻结的拨款和开放未来研究的机会。第二个达成协议的布朗大学，他们基本上参考了哥伦比亚的做法，试图争取更有利的条件。为了恢复超过5000万美元未支付的联邦拨款并使其有资格获得未来拨款，布朗同意在十年内支付相同金额的5000万美元。而且他们不是支付给联邦政府，而是同意将这笔钱给予罗德岛州的劳动力发展组织。

And in return, the government said it would restore access to about $1,300,000,000 in federal funding for Columbia. That amount includes resuming frozen grants and opening up opportunities for future research. And then the second school to make a deal, Brown University, they essentially looked at what Columbia did and they tried to get a better deal. So in order to restore more than $50,000,000 in unpaid federal grants and allow them to be eligible for future grants, Brown agreed to pay that same amount, 50,000,000, over ten years. And instead of paying the federal government, they agreed to give that money to workforce development organizations in Rhode Island.

关于这些组织的具体细节尚未公开。布朗大学表示他们仍在努力确定这笔资金的所有受赠者。所以现在，阿伊莎，我正关注其他大学会达成什么协议。我的意思是，特朗普说过他想在职业和贸易项目上投入更多资金。因此，这些协议，这些与大学的未来协议，可能是让大学资助这些项目的一种方式。

And the details about those organizations have not been made public yet. Brown says they're still working to identify all the grantees of that money. So now Ayesha, I am kind of watching to see what other universities agree to. I mean, Trump has said he wants to put more money into vocational and trade programs. So these deals, these future deals with colleges could be a way to get universities to fund that.

所以特朗普和他的盟友将此事描述为精英大学、大型研究型大学与小型职业学校或社区学院的对立。这种说法经得起推敲吗？

So Trump and and his allies are are framing this as kind of like the elite colleges, the big research universities versus, you know, the smaller vocational schools or or community colleges. Does that hold up, you know, upon scrutiny?

嗯，这是个非常有趣的问题，因为大多数美国大学生实际上就读于社区学院和地区性四年制公立大学。而这些地方正是教授学生职业技能的场所。然而，对哈佛征税或取消康奈尔的研究拨款，并不意味着这些钱会被重新分配给教授职业技能的学校。因此，尽管特朗普资助职业学校的想法可能是全国范围内、跨党派人士都能认同的，但我交谈过的许多高等教育领导者并不认为本届政府的做法是实现这一目标的正确途径。

Well, it's a really interesting question because most American college students actually attend community colleges and regional four year public universities. And those are the places that educate students on trades. And yet, taxing Harvard or canceling research grants at Cornell, that doesn't mean that that money is being redistributed to schools that teach trades. And so while Trump's idea to fund trade schools is perhaps an idea that people across the country and across the aisle could really agree on, a lot of higher ed leaders I've talked to aren't convinced that this administration's approach is actually the way to do that.

这似乎触及了一个更大的观点，即特朗普政府和其他许多人似乎将高等教育描绘成对美国的危害。它是反保守的，并推动所谓的'觉醒'意识形态。而且，你知道，这只是一群人在象牙塔里俯视普通民众。更不用说上大学的成本和背负的学生贷款债务了。是的。

This seems to get to this larger idea where it seems like a lot of the Trump administration and others are, you know, painting higher education as bad for America. It's anti conservative and it's pushing, you know, liberal quote unquote, woke ideology. And you know, it's just a bunch of people in their ivory towers looking down on the little regular people. Not to mention the the cost and the all the student loan debt that you take on. Yep.

在这个时代，上大学真的有必要吗？

To go to college like is it is it really needed in this day and

年龄？

age?

在这个时代还需要学位吗？

Is a degree needed in this day and age?

是的。我想我们首先从美国人对大学的看法开始谈起。这种看法一直在下降。盖洛普本月的新研究显示，美国人越来越不重视上大学。在接受调查的美国成年人中，只有约三分之一认为大学教育的价值非常重要。

Yeah. I guess let's first start with kind of Americans perception of college. This has been declining. And new research this month from Gallup shows Americans are putting less importance on going to college. Only about a third of US adults surveyed rated the value of a college education as very important.

这一比例从2019年的53%和2013年的70%下降了。研究还发现，这种逐渐减弱的看法与政治党派无关。现在，我认为在特朗普的支持者方面，你是完全正确的。这种对精英大学的抵制与特朗普所维护的普通民众吸引力叙事相吻合。我认为我们应该讨论的是这些精英学校与其他高等教育之间的区别。

That's down from 53% in 2019 and seventy percent in 2013. And the research also found that this dwindling perception, it's happening regardless of political party affiliation. Now, I think you're absolutely right in terms of Trump's base. This fight against elite universities fits in with the narrative around kind of the common man appeal that Trump maintains. I think that one thing we should talk about is the difference between these elite schools and the rest of higher education.

你知道，我报道高等教育领域已经超过十年了，我采访过许多学生和家庭，他们觉得这些竞争激烈的学校的录取过程不公平。但是，那些录取率极低的约200所学校与其他高等教育机构之间存在巨大差异。比如那些精英学校，Ayesha，它们培养的大学生不到美国大学生总数的2%。因此，尽管这些精英学校的经历并非大多数人的体验，但它们确实塑造了人们对大学的整体看法。你知道，疫情期间大约有100万学生减少了大学入学，基本上花了五年时间才恢复到疫情前的大学入学水平。

You know, I've been covering this beat in higher ed for more than a decade and I've talked to a lot of students and families who feel like the admissions process for these competitive schools is just unfair. But there is such a big difference between those kind of 200 schools that have really high rejection rates and the rest of higher education. Like those elite schools, Ayesha, they educate less than 2% of Americans that go to college. And so this perception of these elite schools, they've really shaped the overall perception of college even though that's really not most people's experience. You know, the pandemic saw about a million fewer students enrolling in college and it's taken basically five years to kind of crawl back to pre pandemic levels of folks going to college.

但我认为，大学领导者们有很多担忧，因为一个人口悬崖即将到来。这意味着未来几年高中毕业生数量将减少。因此，我认为无论这届政府对高等教育的立场如何，招生对机构来说将继续是一个挑战。我认为在未来十年，我们会看到大学和学院为了生存而采取的措施，因为现在经营一所大学或学院相当具有挑战性。

But there is, I think, a lot of trepidation among college leaders because there is a demographic cliff coming. That means fewer high school graduates are going to be around in the coming years. And so I think regardless of this administration's stance towards higher ed, enrollment is going to continue to be a struggle for institutions. I think we're going to see in the next decade, you know, what colleges and universities do to survive because it's pretty challenging out there to be a university, to be a college.

Alyssa，非常感谢你的报道。不客气。这期《周日故事》由Justine Yan制作，Jenny Schmidt编辑，Robert Rodriguez负责音频处理。《周日故事》团队包括Andrew Mambo和我们的高级监制Liana Simstrom。Irene Noguchi是我们的执行制作人。

Alyssa, thank you so much for all of your reporting. You bet. This episode of the Sunday Story was produced by Justine Yan and edited by Jenny Schmidt, mastering by Robert Rodriguez. The Sunday story team includes Andrew Mambo and our senior supervising producer, Liana Simstrom. Irene Noguchi is our executive producer.

我是阿伊莎·罗斯科。《Up First》明天回归，为您带来开启一周所需的全部新闻。在此之前，祝您周末愉快。

I'm Ayesha Roscoe. Up First is back tomorrow with all the news you need to start your week. Until then, have a great rest of your weekend.

想听无广告插播的播客吗？亚马逊Prime会员可通过Amazon Music收听无赞助商内容的《Up First》，您也可以支持NPR的重要新闻报道并订阅Up First Plus，访问plus.npr.org。网址是plus.npr.org。

Wanna hear this podcast without sponsor breaks? Amazon Prime members can listen to Up First sponsor free through Amazon Music, or you can also support NPR's Vital Journalism and get Up First Plus at plus.npr.org. That's plus.npr.org.

在TED Radio Hour播客中，Alphabet公司Moonshot Factory的科学家们致力于解决重大全球性问题，但他们的领导者有时会踩着轮滑鞋，打扮成甘道夫现身。

On the TED Radio Hour podcasts, scientists at Alphabet's Moonshot Factory tackle big serious global problems, but their leader likes to show up on rollerblades sometimes dressed as Gandalf.

我试图用这种方式消除人们的戒备心，提醒他们幽默与荒诞往往毗邻创造力的源泉。

My way of trying to disarm people and remind them humor and silliness are very close to the wellsprings of creativity.

通过NPR应用或您常用的播客平台收听。

Listen on the NPR app or wherever you get your podcasts.

我们都曾思考人生的终极问题：我们为何存在？该做些什么？如何理解这一切？在《Ye Gods with Scott Carter》节目中，我与政客、神父、演员及无神论者畅谈他们如何应对生命的奥秘。

We all wonder about life's big questions. Why are we here? What are we to do? And how to make sense of it all? On Ye Gods with Scott Carter, I talk with politicos, priests, actors, and atheists on how they wrestle with life's mysteries.

他们的故事将引发思考、挑战固有观念，或许还能为您的个人旅程带来启示。欢迎收听NPR旗下节目《Yee Gods》，各大播客平台均可获取。

Their stories will spark reflection, challenge assumptions, and maybe even bring you some clarity on your own journey. Listen to Yee Gods, part of the NPR network, wherever you get your podcasts.