135 太平洋黑鸭 —— 与杰森一起

本集是在穆瓦宁人的土地上录制的，他们是尼帕卢纳（霍巴特）的传统守护者。

This episode was recorded on the country of the Moo Wanina people, the traditional custodians of Nipaluna, Hobart.

我向过去的和现在的长者致以敬意。

I pay my respects to elders past and present.

我认识到，这片土地上数千年来一直存在着深刻的倾听、观察与知识。

I recognize the deep listening, noticing, and knowledge that has long existed on this country for tens of thousands of years.

欢迎收听《周末更好》播客，我是你们的主持人兼观鸟伙伴，基尔斯蒂·科斯塔。

This is WeekendBetter podcast, and I'm your host and birdwatching buddy, Kirsty Costa.

在这里，我们一同观察鸟类。

Here in this place, we notice birds together.

在本集中，我们将了解一种非常特别的鸭子。

And in this episode, we're going to learn about a very special duck.

我们的嘉宾是观鸟者、科学家、保护主义者和野生动物救助者杰森·格雷厄姆。

Our guest is birdwatcher, scientist, conservationist, and wildlife carer, Jason Graham.

以下是杰森如何对鸟类产生兴趣的。

And here is how Jason got interested in birds.

我觉得我一直对鸟类有些兴趣，就像很多人一样。

I think I've always been into them to a degree like a lot of people.

我一直喜欢动物，从恐龙到袋鼠，各种各样的动物我都喜欢。

I've always loved animals, everything from dinosaurs to wallabies and everything in between.

小时候，我和我哥哥被鼓励在车窗外寻找各种东西。

Growing up, we my brother and I, we were encouraged to look for things out the car window.

我们指出了从我们家附近海鸥到鹰等各种鸟类。

We pointed out everything from gulls near where we live to eagles and things like that.

但可能让我记忆最深刻的一刻是，我六岁左右时，我们住在黄金海岸一条运河边，当时我们把门开着，一只鹈鹕就走了进来。

But also probably one one moment that stands out in my memory is when we stayed on somewhere in the Gold Coast on a canal when I was maybe six years old, and we had the door open to the canal and a pelican just wandered in.

作为孩子，这让我大吃一惊，因为它差不多有我这么高。

And as a kid, that just blew my mind because it was like this it was about my height.

它就像一只恐龙走进来，我妈妈还说：‘去，给它点吃的。’

It's like a dinosaur walking into and my mum was like, go up and give it this food.

我永远都不会忘记这一幕。

And it was I'll never forget this.

那只是小小一块切达奶酪，但那是一只鹈鹕啊，现在我妈妈不喜欢我讲这个故事了，她说：‘哦，天哪。’

It was just a little round, like, block of cheddar cheese, which it's a pelican, but and my mum hates me telling this story now because she's like, oh, no.

那我们来说说，我记得我走过去，它就直接叼走了奶酪，还顺便咬了我一点拇指。

What did it let's but I remember walking up to it and it just went and got the cheese and also got to eat a little bit of my thumb as well.

而且，那并不可怕。

And I it wasn't scary.

我当时就想，哎呀，好疼。

It was like, oh, that hurt.

但哇哦。

But wow.

这真是一次酷毙了的经历。

What a cool experience.

我被这只巨大的鹈鹕咬了一口，之后好多年都留了个小疤痕，但我特别喜欢它。

I've just been bitten by this giant pelican, and I had a little scar there for years and I loved it.

我就说：‘这是我那道鹈鹕疤痕。’

I'm like, that's my pelican scar.

所以，这是我最早关于与鸟类互动的记忆之一，我想。

So that's one of my first memories of an interaction with birds, I think.

我长大后经常去塔斯马尼亚当地公园喂鸭子，这在那儿非常普遍，尤其是在霍巴特，有几个地方几乎每个人小时候都会去。

And I definitely grew up going to feed the ducks at the local parks around Tasmania, which is very common for a lot of there's a few places in Hobart in particular that everybody did that growing up.

我童年的声音，很大程度上是由那些小吸蜜鸟的鸣叫构成的。

The sound of my childhood is kind of soundtracked by little wattle birds.

我们家房子前面种了一些金合欢树，它们每天早上都会停在树上鸣叫。

We had some wattle trees out the front of our house and they would sit in there and call every single morning.

我可能也不是唯一一个这样的。

And I'm probably not alone here either.

我之所以以为它们叫吸蜜鸟，是因为那些没有真正肉垂的小鸟就生活在金合欢树里。

That's why I thought they were called wattle birds because it was only the little wattle birds without the actual wattles that lived in their wattle trees.

这说得通。

Makes sense.

对吧？

Right?

但直到我上大学开始学习科学，买了我的第一本鸟类图鉴，才开始意识到外面的鸟类远不止那五种。

But it wasn't until I started studying science at uni, got myself my first bird guide, started to see a few things to be like, oh, there's more than just five birds out there.

还有妈妈以前指着告诉我的那些鸟，比如那是信天翁。

And the birds that mum used to point out as like, that's an albatross.

那其实只是一种不同的海鸥。

That's just a different type of gull.

什么？

And what?

还有不同种类的海鸥？

There's different types of gulls?

于是我深入探索了一番，和一位好朋友去我当时住在霍巴特附近的郊外徒步，第一次看到了黄垂耳鸟。

And went down that rabbit hole a fair bit, went on a bushwalk with a good friend of mine, near where I was living at the time in Hobart and saw my first yellow wattle bird.

这让我大为震惊，因为它和我小时候看到的版本完全不同。

And that just blew my mind because he is a different version of what I grew up seeing.

而且它更大，相比之下真的大很多。

And it but it's bigger, like really big in comparison.

它真的有肉垂，听到这个名字后，一切突然就都明白了，原来它们叫肉垂鸟是有原因的。

It's got the actual wattles, and then it all kind of clicked and made sense what they're called wattle birds, hearing it cold.

这让我意识到，这么多年来我错过了多少东西啊？

And that just made me go, oh, what have I been missing all these years?

直到那时，我偶尔才会注意到一些有趣的事，比如有一天回家路上，看到邻居家屋顶上有一只孔雀，就这样开始慢慢留意这些细节。

Up until that point, it had kind of been the odd interesting thing, like one day walking home and there was a peacock on a neighbour's roof and just sort of starting to notice it a bit like that.

但这只肉垂鸟才是真正让我开始留意这一切的契机。

But this wattle bird was really what got me starting to notice it.

我还记得那次散步时，第一次看到了大扇尾鹟，它正在忙着飞来飞去，跳跃着捕捉小昆虫，看着它那小小的舞蹈，我深深爱上了这个因肉垂鸟而向我敞开的新世界。

And I remember that same walk, seeing my first great fantail just doing its thing, flitting around, jumping around for tiny little insects and just watching it do its little dance and just really, really just loving this new world that had been opened up to me thanks to that wattle bird.

我现在住的地方真不错。

It's great where I live now.

我们的一些班克西亚树已经长到足以吸引小肉垂鸟和新荷兰吸蜜鸟了，早上又能听到它们的鸣叫声了。

Some of our banksias have grown up to the point they've started to attract little wattle birds and New Holland honey eaters and starting to hear those calls again in the morning.

真的很美好。

It's really nice.

不幸的是，霍巴特和塔斯马尼亚的许多地方，清晨的鸟鸣主要是八哥和麻雀。

Unfortunately, a lot of parts of Hobart and Tasmania, our dawn chorus is just sort of starlings and sparrows.

但现在我们开始听到更多其他的声音了。

But now we're starting to get more of that.

是的。

Yeah.

我们希望它听起来能更像那样。

What we want it to sound like a bit more.

这真的很好。

It's been really nice.

这段录音是由拉米特·辛加尔录制的。

That recording was by Ramit Singhal.

杰森童年时对鸟类的迷恋，在他成年后的旅程中帮了他大忙。

Jason's childhood fascination with birds has served him well on his journey as an adult.

所以，这一切从小就开始了，父母，尤其是我妈妈，会指出各种鸟，就像我提到的，甚至会向我解释那些外来物种，用最基础的方式告诉我它们为什么在这里，以及它们可能如何通过抢夺食物影响其他鸟类。

So it started young with you have both parents and, in particular, my mom pointing out the birds, like I mentioned, and even pointing out introduced species and very, very on a very basic level to a child explaining why that's here and that it might be impacting some other birds even just by stealing food.

我没有深入更多细节，但那让我开始思考我们与其他物种如何融入世界的不同部分。

And did not going into much more detail than that, but that sort of got me thinking about we and other species fit into parts of the world.

我记得曾和我最好的朋友一起穿越加拿大，看到了许多不同的动物，甚至近距离看到了熊。

I remember travelling with one of my best friends through Canada and we saw so many different animals and bears close-up.

当我20岁进行那次旅行时，我决定这就是适合我的道路。

And then I think when I was doing that trip when I was 20, I decided this is for me.

我爱上了这一切。

I love this.

我可以每天醒来都做这样的事情。

I could wake up every day and do this sort of thing.

所以我决定回国后学习科学，并专攻动物学。

So I decided to study science and focus on zoology when I got back home.

在学习大约六个月后，我开始在当地一个名为Bodderall的野生动物救援组织做志愿者，课余时间我会查看手机，看看霍巴特附近是否有动物需要帮助。

About six months into doing that, I've started volunteering with a wildlife rescue service here called Bodderall and started in between lectures, checking my phone to see if there were any animals needing help around Hobart.

我从来不是个爱学习的人，所以有很多空闲时间。

I was never good at studying, so I had plenty of free time.

所以我更愿意去救助受伤的鸟、袋熊或者其他类似的动物。

So I preferred to go and rescue an injured bird or a paddy melon or something like that.

我积累了丰富的经验，能够识别各种鸟类，了解它们的行为，并学会如何处理和救助许多动物。

And I've got a lot of experience in identifying different birds, learning their behaviour, and how to handle and rescue a lot of animals.

我非常喜欢这一部分。

And I love that side of it.

随着时间推移，我开始真正到Bodderong做志愿者。

And the longer that went on, I started actually volunteering at Bodderong.

我在那里完成了动物研究证书课程，发现从这些学习中获得的满足感甚至超过了之前。

I did a certificate in animal studies out there, and I was really starting to get more satisfaction than that from the studies.

这两者相辅相成。

Both complemented each other.

对生态学和行为科学的深入了解，确实帮助我在动物康复过程中更好地发挥作用。

It's knowing a lot more about ecology and behavioural science actually did help rescue a little time in rehabilitation.

后来我被那里聘用，并很快晋升为首席饲养员，感觉梦想正在迅速成真。

And I ended up being employed there and got promoted to a head keeper position there, which was like dreams were coming true very quickly.

完成了我的学位后，就继续在野生动物救助中心工作。

Finished up my degree and just stayed working at the wildlife rescue sanctuary.

那段时间，有一些细微的迹象表明塔斯马尼亚的鸭子世界出了问题。

During that time, there'd been a few little hints that something wasn't right in the duck world in Tasmania.

我记得去过一个叫里士满桥的地方，那里很有名。

I remember going to visit a place called Richmond Bridge, which is famous.

大多数塔斯马尼亚人都知道我在说什么。

Most Tasmanians will know what I'm talking about.

看到许多家养绿头鸭为了争夺少数雌性而激烈打斗的不幸场景。

And seeing unfortunate incidents of when a lot of domestic Mallard ducks will get into a fight over a small number of females.

我记得有一次看到一场大规模打斗，当时没人喂食，心想：这看起来不太正常。

And I remember seeing this big fight when no one is around feeding them and thinking, this doesn't look normal.

我觉得我们这里有点问题。

I think we have a bit of a problem here.

之后我就把这事放一边了，但在大学里学到了一些关于杂交问题、自然与人为因素的知识。

And forgot about it for a while, had learnt a little bit about hybridisation issues, natural versus human induced issues at university.

杂交显然是自然界中非常自然的一部分，许多物种就是这样形成的，但人类活动可能会让某些物种的杂交问题变得更加严重。

Hybridisation's obviously a very natural part of the world and how a lot of species have come to be, but we can play a role in making it a bit more of a mess for some species.

在布努罗加救助中心，我很快注意到，经常有太平洋黑鸭被送来接受治疗。

Quite quickly at Bunuronga, the rescue service, I started to notice a lot of the time that a Pacific black duck would be called through and brought out to the sanctuary for treatment.

它被送来后，我一看就觉得，这根本不是太平洋黑鸭。

It'd arrive and I'd look at it and think, this isn't a Pacific black duck.

我不知道这到底是什么。

I don't know what this is.

这种情况不断发生。

And that kept happening.

这种情况一再发生。

It kept happening.

我们养的一些小鸭子一开始看起来像太平洋黑鸭，但长大后却变成了完全不同的样子。

We'd have ducklings that would grow up that started out looking like Pacific black ducks, but would grow into these very different looking things.

我们逐渐意识到，家养绿头鸭和太平洋黑鸭的杂交问题已经非常严重了。

And we started to notice that we had a real problem with domestic mallard and Pacific black duck hybridisation.

我于2019年结束了在那里的工作，去世界各地旅行了一段时间。

I finished up working there in 2019, travelled the world a little bit.

自从回到塔斯马尼亚后，我决定把这个项目作为我的重点。

And since coming back to Tasmania, I've I made a decision to make this project a bit more of my focus.

很多在野生动物救援机构工作的人应该都能理解，由于工作太忙，根本没时间去做真正想做的教育和倡导工作。

A lot of people will be able to sympathise with this that while working with Wildlife Rescue, it's you're so busy that it's you don't get a lot of time to really do a lot of the actual education and advocacy things you would like to do.

我们同时还要应对四十多种不同的人类活动影响，比如狗、猫、汽车、铁丝网等等。

And we're also trying to fix 40 or so different human impacts at once with dogs and cats and cars and barbed wire and all these things.

太平洋黑鸭的杂交问题在那张清单上排得很靠后。

Pacific black duck hybridisation was very low on that list.

所以我决定，不再分散精力去兼顾多个项目，而是专注于这个几乎没人关注、但我一直很关心的小问题——如果再不采取行动，再过几年可能就为时已晚了，因为这个问题一直在被忽视。

So, I decided that instead of trying to do a little bit on a lot of projects, I'll focus on this little one that no one really is, and that I was and I still am concerned, but at the time was more concerned that if no one does anything in a few more years' time, it might become too late if it keeps slipping under the radar.

从那以后，杰森的注意力一直集中在太平洋黑鸭的杂交问题上。

Since then, Jason's focus has been on the Pacific black duck hybridization.

更多相关内容，稍后为您呈现。

More on that soon.

但首先，让我们更多地了解太平洋黑鸭。

But first, let's get to know the Pacific black duck a bit more.

太平洋黑鸭是一种本地鸭子，对很多人来说，这代表什么？

So the Pacific black duck is a native duck, and that is to a lot of people is a what?

本地鸭子？

Native duck?

鸭子有不同的种类。

There's different species of ducks.

我自己也曾这样。

I myself am guilty of that.

我记得以前在加拿大通过沙发客旅行时，有人指出一种鸭子，我当时却说：‘这不就是一只鸭子吗？’

I remember staying in Canada with couch surfing and travelling and someone pointing out a species of duck, and I was like, a duck?

现在我才意识到，那可能是一种非常有趣的鸭子，但我当时根本不知道鸭子还有这么多不同的种类。

And now I'm like, oh, that was probably a really cool species I could have seen, but I just didn't know that there was such thing as different species of ducks.

我只知道有绿色、棕色和白色的鸭子，仅此而已。

I knew there were green and brown ones and white ones, and that was about it.

太平洋黑鸭是澳大利亚本土物种，但不仅限于澳大利亚。

So Pacific black ducks are native Australian species, not just limited to Australia.

它们分布在新西兰、新几内亚和印度尼西亚，以及太平洋的许多其他岛屿上。

They're found in New Zealand, up in New Guinea and Indonesia, and a lot of other islands in the Pacific.

澳大利亚有很多鸟类，我觉得它们的名字需要更新。

We have a lot of birds in Australia that I think could use with a name update.

太平洋黑鸭就是其中之一。

Pacific black one is one.

它们也分布在印度洋和南大洋，而不仅仅是太平洋。

They're also found in the Indian and the Southern Ocean, not just the Pacific.

它们的颜色其实更偏棕色，而不是黑色。

They're more brown than black as well.

它们是一种中等偏小的浮水鸭。

They're sort of, I guess, medium to small sized dabbling duck.

它们的大部分食物来自水面，或从水草和水生植物中获取，也会进行经典的浮水动作——身体倒立，腿伸出水面，啄食浅水区的水草或小型水生无脊椎动物。

A lot of their food, they'll get from the surface or just from weeds and aquatic vegetation or doing the classic dabbling, upending themselves, sticking the legs out of the water and getting some shallow reeds or small aquatic invertebrates.

如果它们能游泳并抓到鱼，它们也知道去抓鱼。

They know to get fish as well if they can swim and catch them.

它们不像我们的麝香鸭或硬头鸭那样擅长潜水，也不像木鸭那样喜欢四处走动吃草之类的东西。

They're not a great diver as much as like our musk ducks or the hardheads and things like that, and they're not like the wood ducks that'll prefer to just wander around and eat grass and things like that.

它们非常接近人们常说的那句老话：如果它走路像鸭子，叫起来像鸭子，那它大概就是鸭子，或者类似的说法。

They are very close to what a lot of people would think is like the old saying, if it walks like a duck, if it talks like a duck, it's probably a duck or whatever it is.

我可能引述得不对。

I probably misquoted that.

太平洋黑鸭的学名是Anas superciliosa。

The Pacific black duck scientific name is anus superliciosa.

希望我说对了。

I hope I've said that right.

我可能说错了。

I probably haven't.

如果我说错了，请原谅我。

Forgive me if I haven't.

这指的是眉纹，也就是鸭子脸上一条醒目的深色条纹。

Which refers to the supercilium or the eyebrow, which is a striking dark stripe on the duck's face.

仔细观察时，你可能还会看到鸭子翅膀上那一抹翠绿色的翼镜。

When you look closely, you might also see the duck speculum, which is a flash of emerald green on its wing.

我们从前一期《周末观鸟者》节目中了解到，弗蕾亚·诺斯告诉我们，这些羽毛并不是被涂成这样的。

We learnt from Freya Noss in a previous Weekend Birder episode that these feathers aren't painted that way.

它们具有虹彩效应，羽毛的结构能够反射光线。

They are iridescent, and so the structure of the feathers are able to bounce light.

太平洋黑鸭展现出一系列适应澳大利亚多变湿地环境的迷人适应性和行为。

Pacific black ducks display a range of fascinating adaptations and behaviours that suit life in Australia's variable wetlands.

它们筑巢灵活，既在地面筑巢，也利用树洞等高处巢址，雏鸭孵化后不久便跟随母鸭前往水域。

They are flexible nesters using both ground sites and elevated tree hollows, with ducklings leaving the nest soon after hatching and following the female to water.

作为涉水鸭类，它们通过喙边缘的梳状结构过滤水体，用舌头将种子和小型水生无脊椎动物与水分离。

As dabbling ducks, they feed by filtering water through comb like structures along the edges of their bill, using their tongue to separate seeds and small aquatic invertebrates from water.

太平洋黑鸭通常具有社会性，常与其他水禽如栗 teal 和灰 teal 混群活动，它们拥有标志性的叫声，飞行时常常能听到。

Pacific black ducks are generally social and often form mixed flocks with other waterfowl like chestnut teals and gray teals, and they have an iconic call, which you will often hear when they fly.

它们在外貌和行为上与北半球的一种叫绿头鸭的物种非常相似，而我们在澳大利亚也有大量绿头鸭，但并不是同一个品种。

They're very close in appearance and behaviour to a Northern Hemisphere species called the Mallard, which we actually have a lot of in Australia, but not the same version.

在北半球，它们的体型实际上与太平洋黑鸭非常接近。

In the Northern Hemisphere, they're actually quite a similar size of a Pacific black duck.

你在那儿一定见过它们。

You would have seen them there.

每个人手机上的表情符号都是它们。

Everyone's got them on their phone as the emoji.

鸭子表情符号就是绿头鸭。

The duck emoji is a mallard.

那是一种非常漂亮的带金属光泽的绿色头部，颈部有一圈白色斑纹。

That really beautiful iridescent green head with the white band around the neck.

那是雄鸭的特征。

That's what the males have.

它们分布广泛，我确信遍布北半球大部分地区，尤其是北美、整个亚洲和欧洲，甚至向南到北非我也见过它们。

They are found, I'm pretty sure, in most of the Northern Hemisphere, definitely North America, right across Asia and Europe and down into I've seen them in well, definitely I've seen them in Northern Africa.

我在南欧的不同地区也见过它们。

I've seen them in different parts of Southern Europe as well.

在那个地区很常见，但在南半球却非常罕见。

Quite common in that part, but very rare in the Southern Hemisphere.

通常，如果在南半球发现它们，是因为它们被引入的。

Usually, if they're found in the Southern Hemisphere, it's because they've been introduced.

不幸的是，澳大利亚和新西兰的情况就是这样。

And sadly, that's the case in Australia and New Zealand.

它们的祖先是在19世纪从家养祖先那里被带到这里来的。

Their ancestors were brought here in the eighteen hundreds from domestic ancestors.

因此，直到最近，我们还以为可能是北半球的野生绿头鸭被带到大洋洲并放生了，但事实并非如此。

So until recently, we thought that maybe wild mallards from the Northern Hemisphere were brought to Australasia and released, but that wasn't the case.

因此，在澳大利亚，人们为了获取肉和蛋，引进了大量家养的绿头鸭。

So in Australia, they've brought a lot of the domesticated versions of the mallard to Australia for their meat and eggs.

而在新西兰，它们是被当地的奥克兰协会引进的，主要是为了狩猎。

And in New Zealand, they were brought in by their version of the Aclonitisation Society more for shooting.

他们引进了更像野生祖先、飞行能力极强的品种，主要是为了狩猎。

They brought in breeds that look a lot more like their wild ancestors that can fly really, really well more for shooting.

不幸的是，这给新西兰带来了更多问题。

And that's caused a lot more issues for New Zealand, unfortunately.

澳大利亚，尤其是塔斯马尼亚，受影响没那么严重，因为我们没有引进同样的品种。

We haven't been as badly affected in Australia, especially Tasmania because we haven't had the same kind of breeds.

不太确定它们是什么时候被驯化的。

Not exactly sure when they were domesticated.

我们推测很可能是在中国。

We believe probably China.

肯定没有狗那么早被驯化，但大概在过去的几千年里。

Definitely not as old as dogs were domesticated, but sometime in the last couple thousand years.

这导致了大量变异和众多不同品种的出现。

And that's resulted in a lot of variation, a lot of different breeds.

所以如果你听到像北京鸭、印度跑鸭、瑞典蓝鸭或威尔士幻彩鸭这样的名字，我快想不全了。

So if you hear things like Pekin or Indian runner, Swedish blue or Welsh harlequin, I'm running out of names here.

我对家养这一块不太熟悉，但它们都是家养绿头鸭的品种。

I'm not very good with the domestic side, but they're all domestic breeds of the domestic mallard.

所以它们并不是不同的物种。

So they're not different species.

它们看起来基本上就跟狗一样。

They look just like dogs, basically.

它们彼此之间可能看起来非常不同，但都是绿头鸭。

They can look very different from one another, but they are all mallards.

太平洋黑鸭基本上就是绿头鸭在澳新地区的版本，基本上占据了相似的生态位。

The Pacific black duck is basically just the Australasian version of the mallard, essentially filling a very similar niche.

杰森说，由于绿头鸭和太平洋黑鸭关系非常密切，它们可以杂交。

Jason says that because the mallard and the Pacific black duck are so closely related, they can interbreed.

它们生下的后代是可育的。

When they have babies, those babies are fertile.

也就是说，这些后代自己也能繁殖。

So meaning that they can have babies themselves.

许多其他这些杂交种或能够交配的物种，它们的后代是不育的，无法自己繁衍后代。

A lot of other of these hybrids or different species that can interbreed, the babies won't be fertile and they can't have babies themselves.

太平洋黑鸭和绿头鸭能够这样交配实际上是一件很糟糕的事情，因为这意味着随着时间推移，在某些地区，这些杂交种会取代的不仅是它们的绿头鸭和家养祖先，更令人遗憾的是，连太平洋黑鸭的祖先也会被取代。

It's actually a very bad thing that the Pacific black ducks and mallards can do this because that means over time in some areas you will see these hybrids replace not just their mallard and domestic ancestors, but sadly the Pacific black duck ancestors.

最糟糕也是最典型的例子是新西兰，那里更具迁徙能力的绿头鸭品种已经能够飞到许多不同的岛屿，几乎覆盖了整个新西兰。

So, the worst example or best example is New Zealand where they're more mobile breeds of Mallard have been able to fly to a lot of different islands and cover nearly all of New Zealand.

它们甚至飞到了最南端的麦夸里岛。

They've even flown to as far south as Macquarie Islands.

它们出现在豪勋爵岛，并在那里引发了问题，同时也在太平洋其他岛屿上造成了影响。

They turned up on Lord Howe Island there and started having an issue and other parts of the Pacific Island as well.

它们依然非常擅长长途飞行。

So they're really good at long distance flights still.

新西兰的这些鸭子非常适应在野外生存。

The ones in New Zealand are very capable of just surviving in the wild.

它们不需要人类喂养。

They don't need to be fed by people.

它们非常擅长寻找自己的食物和水源，以及捕捉小型无脊椎动物。

They're very good at finding their own food and water sources and finding little invertebrates.

老实说，它们根本看不出一只漂亮的太平洋黑鸭和一只漂亮的绿头鸭之间有什么区别。

And honestly, they don't really see the difference between a good looking Pacific black duck and a a good looking mallard.

如果外面有一只雄性在找女朋友，它根本不会在意对方是什么物种。

If there's a boy out there looking for a girlfriend, he's not really looking at the species.

这就导致了大量这样的杂交个体产生。

And that results in a lot of these hybrids.

因此，以新西兰作为我们的典型案例，如今杂交鸭已经成为新西兰各地最普遍的鸭子。

So New Zealand being our sort of case study here, that has gotten to the point where the hybrids are now by far the most common duck in both part well, all of New Zealand.

所以，要在那儿找到一只纯种的太平洋黑鸭——当地人称它们为灰鸭，或毛利语中的pareira——是非常非常困难的。

So to find a pure Pacific black duck or over there, they call them a grey duck or pareira in Maori is very, very hard.

以至于如果你看到一只看起来像真正的太平洋黑鸭的鸟，你很可能需要做基因检测才能确认它确实是纯种，已经严重到这种地步了。

And to the point where if you look see one that looks like an actual Pacific black duck, you probably have to get some fevers and look at the actual genetics to confirm that it's gotten to that point there.

而我们正努力避免这种情况在澳大利亚部分地区，尤其是塔斯马尼亚发生。

And that's what we're trying to avoid happening in parts of Australia, especially Tasmania.

这也不利于保护，因为太平洋黑鸭和绿头鸭都喜欢相同的栖息地，属于生态上的等价物种。

It's also not helped by the fact that both Pacific black ducks and mallards like the same area being kind of ecological equivalents.

它们都喜欢类似的湿地环境。

They like the same kind of wetlands.

不幸的是，虽然大多数澳大利亚鸭类并不喜欢被人喂食，比如硬头鸭、蓝嘴鸭、粉耳鸭、绿翅鸭等等，它们大多更愿意远离人类，自己觅食。

And unfortunately, while most Australian ducks don't actually like to be fed by people, when we think of hardheads, blue billed ducks, pink eared ducks, teals, etcetera, etcetera, most are more than happy living their life away from us, finding their own food.

有些物种在必要时会飞很远的距离去寻找新的食物或水源。

Some species will fly a long distance to find new food or water sources if need be.

幸运的是，太平洋黑鸭非常乐意靠近人类，接受人们投喂的食物。

Fortunately, a Pacific black duck is very happy to come and have handouts from people.

如果你身处澳大利亚某些地区，那里有大量逃逸或被遗弃的家养绿头鸭，这两种鸭子的互动频率会远高于它们在野外的情况。

And if you're in a part of Australia where there are large populations of either escapee or dumped domestic mallard ducks, the two will hang out a lot more than they would in the wilds.

而且如果它们一年365天都待在一起，是因为食物充足——通常是人们丢弃或投喂的食物，甚至在塔斯马尼亚的农场里，我们也会看到这种情况：人们把鸡饲料和鸭饲料都放在外面，太平洋黑鸭最终会学会把那里当作优质的食物或水源，长期逗留。

And if they're hanging around three sixty five days a year because of a lot of food being available, usually by people leaving food or feeding them, or it could even be We do see it happen on farms in Tasmania where people will leave the chook food out and the duck food out and the Pacific Black ducks will eventually learn that that's a good food or water source and hang around.

因此，到了春天，太平洋黑鸭与绿头鸭交配并产生更多杂交后代的机会就大大增加了。

So, of course, in springtime, that means there's a lot more chances that Pacific black ducks will breed with mallards and will have more hybrids.

我住在澳大利亚南部的维多利亚州，以前根本不知道绿头鸭和太平洋黑鸭会交配并产生杂交鸭。

Living in Victoria in the Southern part of Australia, I had no idea that mallards and Pacific black ducks were breeding and creating hybrid ducks.

但最近我去霍巴特参加一个周末观鸟聚会时，到处都能看到它们。

But when I was down in Hobart recently for a weekend birder meetup, they were everywhere.

杰森说，有一些关键特征可以辨认。

Jason says that there are some key things to look for.

太平洋黑鸭体型中等偏小，实际上是棕色的鸭子。

The Pacific black ducks are medium to small, actually more of a brown duck.

最容易辨认它们的方法是看它们漂亮的浅黄色眼纹。

The easiest way to spot them is their beautiful straw eye stripe.

这是最简单的方法。

That's the easiest way.

它们还有一条从喙基部或嘴巴开口处开始、呈卷曲状向后颈延伸的细条纹。

They also have a little stripe that goes from the base of the bill or the opening of the mouth that sort of goes in a curl towards the back of the neck.

这是最简单的方法。

That's the easiest way.

判断它是否为太平洋黑鸭与绿头鸭的杂交种，主要看几个关键特征。

The main way to tell whether it might be a Pacific black duck and mallab hybrids is to there are a couple main features.

我首先喜欢观察它们的脸部。

The first thing I like to do is to look at the face.

杂交鸭通常会从其绿头鸭祖先那里继承较深的脸部颜色。

A hybrid will often inherit a darker face from its mallard parents or grandparents.

所以它们可能没有太平洋黑鸭那样清晰的奶油色脸斑和黑色条纹。

So it might not have the nice distinct cream face patches with the black stripes.

它们的整体颜色可能非常深，或者脸颊和眼睛上方布满大量褐色条纹，缺乏太平洋黑鸭那种鲜明的轮廓。

It could be very dark overall or it could have a lot of brown streaks through the cheek or above the eye and just not have that same definition that a Pacific black duck has.

另一个特征是喙部。

Another one is the bill.

在塔斯马尼亚，我们经常看到喙部颜色各异的杂交鸭。

In Tasmania, we see a lot of hybrids with different coloured bills.

它们的喙常出现大块红色，甚至近乎粉红、绿色或黄色，而太平洋黑鸭的喙则多为灰蓝色。

It's quite common for them to have a big blotch of reds or even almost pink to green and yellow when the Pacific black duck has more of a greyish blue.

如果它湿了并且在泥地和草丛中觅食，看起来可能会有点发绿，但当它呈现出这种发绿或发红的杂色时，就非常明显了。

It can look a bit green if it's wet and it's been dabbling in some mud and grass, but it's quite obvious when it's this discoloured green or reds.

我们经常看到的其他特征是翅膀上的白色条纹。

Other things we see a lot are white stripes on the wings.

太平洋黑鸭和许多本土鸭类都有一个金属光泽的翼斑，称为翼镜。

So Pacific black ducks and like a lot of native duck species have a metallic looking wing panel called the speculum.

而绿头鸭的翼镜两侧会有白色条纹，像边界一样。

And the mallard will have white stripes on either side of it like a border.

太平洋黑鸭通常在翼镜周围没有白色区域。

Pacific black ducks usually don't have any whites around that.

它只是呈现出绿色到紫色的翼镜。

It's just a green to purple y panel.

它们有时会在底部有一条非常细的白色边缘，但绝对不应该在靠近头部的上端有一条宽厚的白色条纹。

They'll sometimes have a very thin little white edge along the bottom, but they should never have a big thick white stripe on the top end closer to their head.

因此，当我们单独在塔斯马尼亚看到这种特征时，这也是一个明显的线索。

So that's a bit of a giveaway as well when we see that alone in Tasmania.

腿的颜色是最让人困惑的。

The legs is the confusing one.

以前，当我刚在大学里学习这些时，如果腿是橙色的，那就说明是杂交种。

It used to be, and when I first was learning about this at university, it was if it's orange legs, it's a hybrid.

但后来发现，太平洋黑鸭的腿也可能是橙色的。

But it turns out Pacific black ducks can also have orange legs.

所以这就变得复杂了。

So this gets tricky.

我记得当时对这一点还半信半疑，直到我看到一幅19世纪50年代的太平洋黑鸭画作，它的腿就是橙色的。

And I remember being not quite sold on that until I found an old painting from the eighteen fifties of a Pacific black duck with orange legs.

不过，太平洋黑鸭的腿是棕褐色到一种暗淡的橙棕色。

So the difference is though the Pacific black duck brown to this dull orangey brown leg.

那是一种非常暗淡、脏兮兮的棕色。

It's a very dull, dirty brown.

而杂交种如果继承了腿的颜色，通常会是更鲜艳的橙色。

While the hybrids, if they do inherit the leg colour, it's more of a bright orange.

如果你在谷歌上搜索澳新 shovelers 的腿或绿头鸭的腿，那是一种非常明亮的糖果橙色。

If you Google Australasian shoveler leg or mallard leg, it's a very, like, sherbet orange leg.

这些是区分它们的主要方法。

Those are the main ways to tell them apart.

杰森说，好消息是我们很早就意识到了这个保护问题，你和我都可以做些事情来提供帮助。

Jason says that the good news is that we're onto this conservation issue really early, and there are things that you and I can do to help.

对我来说，不幸的是，我在塔斯马尼亚看到了很多杂交现象，有时会让人感到有些悲观。

Sadly for me, I see a lot of the hybridization in Tasmania, and it can feel a bit doom and gloom at times.

但在国家的一些地区，你去那里会说，‘我参与太平洋黑鸭保护小组’，人们会用惊讶的眼神看着你：保护？

But there's parts of the country where you'll go and you'll say, oh, I work with the Pacific Black Duck Conservation Group, and people look at you like, conservation?

它们到处都是。

They're everywhere.

这真是太棒了。

And that's fantastic.

我们希望它能一直保持这样。

And that's how we want it to stay.

所以这更多涉及到澳大利亚的一些地区，尤其是塔斯马尼亚，那里的鸭子正面临困境。

So this is more to do with parts of Australia, especially Tasmania where they are in trouble.

有很多方法可以帮助。

Lots of ways to help.

第一点是喂鸭子时要格外谨慎。

Number one is just being cautious about feeding ducks.

我们建议寻找其他与鸭子互动的方式。

We just recommend finding other ways to interact with ducks.

我们一直与几个塔斯马尼亚地方政府合作，提供各种有趣的替代活动，特别是针对孩子们。

So we've been working with several Tasmanian councils with offering different fun alternatives, especially for kids as well.

比如组织小型寻宝活动，让你去寻找某个区域可能存在的不同种类的鸭子、鸬鹚和黑天鹅。

That might be like little scavenger hunts where you go and try and find the different ducks and cormorants and graves that might be found in an area.

有一个地方政府甚至推出了鸭子宾果游戏。

One council has duck bingo.

你可以去观察并记录你所看到的鸭子的不同行为。

So, you go and try and tip-off the different behaviours you might be seeing them.

这旨在培养人们对发现不同物种、观察它们行为并以此方式享受它们的喜爱，因为它们确实从中获益良多。

And that just is aimed at fostering a love for finding a different species, watching their behaviours and just enjoying them that way because they do get a lot.

它们有很多有趣的举动，如果你只看到它们进食的行为，通常就看不到这些。

They have a lot of antics basically that you don't usually see if you're just seeing the feeding behaviour.

一种方式就是对此保持谨慎。

That's one way is is just being cautious about it.

如果你身处某个区域，比如塔斯马尼亚，其他一些值得关注的地区包括阿德莱德、新南威尔士的麦克夸里湖，以及新西兰。

If you are in an area, so again, Tasmania, a few other areas of concern are Adelaide, Lake Macquarie in New South Wales, definitely New Zealand.

但如果你不确定，最好的做法就是完全不要喂食。

But if you're unsure, it's just best not to feed anything at all.

它们不希望我们喂面包，而是希望我们喂生菜、燕麦、种子、玉米之类的东西。

The don't feed us bread, feed us lettuce, oats, seeds, corn, things like that.

在某些地区这很好，但不幸的是，在塔斯马尼亚，这只会让家养鸭子吃得更健康。

That's great in some areas, but unfortunately for us here in Tassie, that ends up just meaning that domestic ducks are just getting a healthier diet.

这对它们来说很好，但这也意味着到了繁殖季节，母鸭不必整天外出觅食，同时还要照顾蛋或小鸭。

It's great for them, but it still means that come the breeding season, the mother ducks don't have to spend their days going out looking for food while looking after eggs or ducklings as well.

这使得资源倾斜向它们，而我们可怜的本土鸭子却要花大量时间与精力去寻找食物，同时还要照顾小鸭，这比 mallard 鸭子要困难得多，而 mallard 鸭子却只需轻松获得人类投喂的食物，生活无比轻松。

And it skews the balance towards them while all our poor native ducks are off finding all their food while trying to raise the ducklings, and it uses a lot more time and energy and it's a lot harder for them while meanwhile the Mallards just are having this easy handout and life's easy.

这确实让它们的繁殖速度加快了很多。

And that does help them reproduce a lot quicker.

当然，当它们的繁殖速度远超其他鸭类时，它们体型更大、更具攻击性，远胜于我们那些害羞、胆小的本土鸭子。

And of course, when they're reproducing a lot quicker than others, they are a larger and more aggressive animal than most of our shyer, more timid native ducks.

它们会把本土鸭子赶出栖息地，甚至捕食它们。

And they will push them out of areas and they have to eat them.

如果我们无法确定鸭子的种类，我们建议不要喂食。

We recommend not feeding ducks if you're unsure of the species.

如果你觉得可能看到的是家养鸭或杂交鸭，但又不确定，其实有很多方法可以辨别。

If you think you might see a duck that is maybe a domestic duck or a hybrid, but you're not sure, there's great ways to find out.

如果你使用社交媒体，我们非常欢迎你加入我们的 Facebook 群组，上传照片，我们可以帮你识别种类。

We love having people join our Facebook group if you're on social media and posting pictures and we can help with identification.

还有像 iNaturalist 这样的平台，非常棒。

There's platforms like iNaturalist, which is fantastic.

如果你能用手机或相机拍张照片并上传到那里，这是一个非常好的方法。

And that's a really good way if you can get a photo on your phone or camera, uploading it there.

像我这样的人，以及很多其他人，也喜欢通过这种方式帮助识别它们。

People like myself and a lot of others like to help identify them that way as well.

当然，在eBird和iNaturalist等平台上，这些照片会进入真正的科学数据库。

And, of course, on platforms like eBird and iNaturalist with the photos that it gets into the actual scientific database, of course.

了解野鸭杂交问题严重的区域，这一点非常有帮助。

And that is so helpful to know where the problem areas are for Mallard hybridisation.

如果我们没有这些数据，就无法真正知道哪些地区需要更多的教育和工作。

If we don't have that data, we can't really know which areas need a bit more education, more work.

此外，如果你认为自己目睹或发现了一些被遗弃的鸭子，我们理解那些这么做的人本意是好的，但遗憾的是，这些动物被丢到一个陌生的水域环境中，处境相当残酷。

Also, if you think you've it's witnessing or have found some ducks that have just been dumped, we understand the people who are doing this do mean well, but sadly it is quite a cruel situation for those animals that have found themselves in a new water home for water weight.

因此，我们建议你联系当地市政部门。

So we do recommend contacting your local council about that.

塔斯马尼亚的一些市政部门已经设立了兴趣登记名单。

We have councils in Tasmania that have got an expression of interest list.

所以人们会登记名字，就像参与狗或猫的救援一样。

So people put their name down a bit like a dog or a cat rescue basically.

这样我们就可以去捕捉那些鸭子，并为它们找到负责任的主人，真正让它们被圈养并得到妥善照顾。

So we can go out and catch those ducks and find them a nice responsible owner who's gonna actually keep them contained and and look after them as well.

如果你看到有人在丢弃鸭子，也请举报。

And really, if you do see someone dumping it as well, report it.

我们不建议直接去与这类人交涉。

We don't recommend approaching the people like that.

那可能不会是一次愉快的对话。

That's probably not going to be a very pleasant conversation.

但举报这种行为有助于遏制此类现象，因为这属于虐待动物的行为，我们不希望看到这种情况发生。

But reporting that behaviour just to try and discourage that as well because it's and it is an act of animal cruelty, which we don't like to see.

如果你发现某个区域需要增设标识或开展更多宣传教育，请联系当地议会。

If you see an area you think could use a new sign or a bit of education as well, reach out to your local council.

欢迎随时通过我们的Landcare小组的Facebook、Instagram或邮箱与我们联系。

Please feel free to reach out to our Landcare group on Facebook or Instagram or our email.

我们非常乐意提供这方面的帮助。

We're more than happy to help with that.

现在维多利亚州有几个地方政府已经开始竖立标识牌，这得益于我们一些志愿者的参与，看到这一切真是太棒了。

We've got a couple councils in Victoria now putting up signs from a few of our volunteers getting involved, which has been so cool to see.

我们有一位志愿者成功在新南威尔士州也推动了类似的标识牌和宣传教育工作。

We have a volunteer who was able to get a similar sort of sign and some education get going in New South Wales as well.

因此，我们始终乐于提供帮助。

So we're always keen to help.

无论你身处世界哪个角落，只要与这个问题相关，我们都愿意协助。

Doesn't matter where you are in the world, if it's relative to this issue.

如果你看到某些标识牌信息过时了，或者内容可以更新，请联系当地政府或我们。

And if the same if you see a sign that maybe is a bit outdated as well and maybe the information could be updated, please get in touch with the counsellor us.

如果你养了家鸭，并且担心有太平洋黑鸭来访，我推荐养麝香鸭。

If you have pet ducks and you have a property and you are concerned about visiting Pacific black ducks, I'm a fan of the Muscovy duck.

它们不会与本地鸭子杂交。

They can't interbreed.

所以那里完全没有任何问题。

So there's no issues there whatsoever.

因此，如果你正在考虑为果园或大片地产养鸭子，我强烈建议选择穆斯科维鸭。

So if you are looking at getting ducks for an orchard or a larger property, I highly recommend looking at a Muscovy duck instead.

我很高兴作为观鸟爱好者，我们还能做些事情。

I'm so glad that there are things that we can do as wild bird lovers.

如果你想了解更多知识，周末观鸟网站的节目笔记中提供了许多链接，包括你可以联系的邮箱。

If you'd like to get educated, there are lots of links in the show notes on the WeekendBirder website, including that email that you can contact.

在澳大利亚，野生动物和保护机构强烈建议不要喂食野生鸭子。

In Australia, wildlife and conservation authorities strongly advise against feeding wild ducks.

人类食物，尤其是面包，营养不足，可能导致鸭子营养不良和发育畸形，比如无法正常飞行。

Human foods, particularly bread, are nutritionally inadequate and can contribute to malnutrition and developmental deformities like one that prevents normal flight in a duck.

定期喂食还会导致鸭子产生依赖，并可能造成鸭群数量异常集中。

Regular feeding also encourages dependency and potentially an unnaturally high concentration of duck populations.

这会增加疾病传播、水体污染和藻类大量繁殖的风险，从而破坏湿地生态系统。

And this increases the risk of disease transmission, water pollution and algal blooms that degrade wetland ecosystems.

如果你曾经和家人一起喂鸭子，或者现在作为成年人仍然喜欢这样做，我完全理解为什么这个信息可能难以接受。

If you are someone who has fond memories of feeding ducks with your family or it's something that you like to do now as an adult, I totally get why this information can be hard to hear.

就像随着人类科学的进步，我们学会了如何照顾自己的身体一样，随着对野生鸭子研究的深入，我们也在学习如何更好地照顾它们。

Just like we've learned about how to care for our bodies as the science about humans has improved, so we are learning to care for wild ducks as the science improves about them too.

如果你知道有人出于好意却做了错误的事，首先要尝试与他们一对一地沟通。

If you know who's doing something through they're meaning well, but is doing the wrong thing is try to talk to them one on one first always.

大多数情况下，这样的沟通效果都很好。

And most of the time that goes really well.

人们会说：‘我之前根本不知道这一点。’

People go, I didn't realize that.

然后你就可以拿出《塔斯马尼亚鸭子手册》。

And you'll go, now we have the, like, the Ducks of Tasmania booklet.

我们可以送他们一本，让他们回家后在私密环境中慢慢阅读，心想：‘原来我还不知道这些。’

We can give them a copy of that and they can go away and read it and go, in the privacy of their home, go, didn't know about this.

这很好。

This is good.

我认为很多人不喜欢在公共场合被当成焦点或类似的感觉，这完全可以理解。

I think a lot of people don't like to be made to feel like they've been put on show or something like that in public, which is fair enough.

没人喜欢这样。

No one likes that.

因此，这是我们与协助的议会合作推出新标识背后的战略，这些标识会链接到他们的网站。

So that's been the strategy behind the new signs that the councils we've been helping with that link to their website.

这样人们可以在手机上阅读，把手册带回家慢慢了解。

So people will read it on their phones, take their booklets home and read about it and learn about it that way.

过去几年我们发现这种方法非常有效。

And that's been so effective we've found the last few years.

比如我们去古尔德池塘时，没有看到任何人来喂鸭子，而六年前我们百分之百会看到至少一个人来喂鸭子，那时家养的鸭子都会围过来。

Like our visit to Gould's Lagoon, we didn't see anyone turning up to feed the ducks when maybe six years ago we a 100% would have seen at least one person coming to feed the ducks and you'd see all the domestic ducks crowd around.

这种沟通方式确实奏效了，比如‘谢谢您不喂我们’。

And it is working, that communication of like, thank you for not feeding us.

以下是原因。

Here's why.

不是那种老式的‘不要喂我们’，因为人们看到后会想：别告诉我该做什么。

Not the the old style of don't feed us because people see that and go, don't tell me what's to do.

这对它们有好处。

It's good for them.

我在帮助它们。

I'm helping them.

我喜欢它们。

I like them.

在我做过的几次演讲和讲座中，我喜欢先承认自己是个伪君子。

A couple of the presentations and talks I've given, I like to lead with the fact that I'm a hypocrite.

我小时候经常喂鸭子，这是我们大家都做过的事，而且没有人是完美的。

I grew up feeding ducks, and it's something we all did, and no one's perfect as well.

杰森提供了一个链接，指向那本《塔斯马尼亚鸭子》电子书，其中还包括如何识别塔斯马尼亚特有的多种鸭子，这些鸭子在澳大利亚其他地区也能找到。

Jason has provided a link to that Ducks of Tasmania ebook, which also includes how to identify a range of cool Tassie ducks that are also found in other parts of Australia.

链接在节目笔记中，还有我们讨论过的所有其他内容。

A link is in the show notes along with everything else that we've talked about.

听杰森如此热情地谈论太平洋黑鸭，让我好奇鸭子是不是他最喜欢的鸟。

Listening to Jason talk so passionately about the Pacific black duck makes me wonder if ducks are his favorite bird.

我的意思是，我得坦白一下。

I mean, I have to come clean.

鸭子并不是我最喜欢的澳大利亚鸟类或动物，但我喜欢的是它们会安静地浮在水面上，让你很容易就能辨认出来。

Ducks aren't my favorite Australian bird or animal, but what I do love about them is that they'll sit in the water and just sit there so you can easily identify them.

你可以在较远的距离拍出相当不错的照片。

You could get a pretty decent picture from a distance away.

我想，正是这一点让它们渐渐走进了我的心里——相比许多其他澳大利亚鸟类，观察它们不需要费那么大力气。

And I think that's where they've kind of worked their way into my heart a little bit there where compared to a lot of other Australian birds, it's not as much of a mission to go out and look at them.

因为很容易就能找到某些种类，或者至少观察它们的日常活动，我得以通过更轻松地观察，更多地了解它们的行为、习性等等。

And because it's so easy to find some species or to at least watch them go about their business, I've been able to learn a bit more about their behaviours just through watching them a little easier and learn some of their quirks and things like that just a little bit easier.

当然，我确实对它们有特别的感情，比如看过《小猪宝贝》里那只白色的绿头鸭。

I do have a soft spot for them, of course, watching Babe with the the white duck who is a mallard, of course.

但我认为这很大程度上与塔斯马尼亚部分地区观察它们的便利性有关。

But I think it's probably a lot to do with the ease in parts of Tasmania.

我们必须拥有世界上的某些地方。

We have to own parts of the world.

无论你去世界的哪个地方，都会有不同的水鸟和鸭子。

Anywhere you go in the world, there's different water birds and ducks.

在我成为观鸟者之后的旅行中，我总是喜欢在国外寻找鸭子，因为它们大多时候会停在那里，或者飞过来落下，我觉得它们更容易辨认。

And on my travels after becoming more of a birder, I've always loved finding ducks overseas because they're going to sit here most of the time or fly and land, and I just find them a bit easier to identify.

所以还有多样性的问题。

So there's also the variation.

我认为它们被严重低估了。

They're they're very underrated, I think.

我觉得世界上有很多被低估的物种，但鸭子就是其中之一。

I think there's a lot of underrated species out there, but ducks are one of them.

世界上有这么多不同的鸭子种类。

There's so many different species around the world.

不幸的是，人们一提到鸭子，就只会想到手机表情符号。

And unfortunately, people get duck and we just think of the the phone emoji.