137 三趾鸥——与克莱尔一起

本集是在西澳大利亚州诺恩加族瓦德朱克人的土地上录制的。

This episode was recorded on the country of the Whadjuk people of the Noongar nation in Western Australia.

我要致敬他们持续至今的文化力量，并向过去的和现在的长者以及他们的家人致以敬意。

I want to acknowledge the strength of their continuing culture and offer my respect to elders past and present and to their families.

欢迎收听《周末观鸟者》播客，我是你的观鸟伙伴凯莉·科斯塔。

This is Weekend Birder podcast, and I'm your bird noticing buddy, Kirsty Costa.

澳大利亚的燕鸥非常值得观察，但有时却很难辨认。

Australia's turns are fascinating to watch and sometimes very hard to identify.

也许正因为如此，本集才由本·W、本·H、切丽莎·R、大卫·S、汉娜·K、丽莎·L、罗宾·T、西蒙·N、拉胡尔·S和维克托·K请求制作。

Maybe that's why this episode has been requested by Ben w, Ben h, Chelsea R, David S, Hannah K, Lisa L, Robin T, Simon N, Rahul S, and Victor K.

燕鸥专家克莱尔·格林韦尔博士。

Tern expert Doctor.

克莱尔·格林韦尔将为我们解答问题。

Claire Greenwell is here to answer our questions.

以下是克莱尔如何开始她的观鸟之旅。

Here is how Claire's bird loving story began.

我从小就对大自然很感兴趣。

I've been interested in the natural world from a really young age, I guess.

我一直更关注海洋环境，这激发了我去钓鱼、露营，和家人在海滩上度过一整天，做那些成长过程中能享受到的美妙事情。

I was always sort of more interested in the marine environment, and that sparked my interest going fishing and camping and, you know, spending days on the beach with family and, you know, doing all those wonderful things that you have the opportunity to do when you're growing up.

但可能是在我二十岁出头的时候，我才真正开始注意到鸟类，于是我买了一本野外指南，真正点燃我观鸟兴趣的是一种叫冠啸鹟的鸟。

But it probably was in my early twenties that I really started to start noticing birds and I bought a field guide and the bird that really sparked the bird watching interest for me was the crested shrike tit.

我看到这种鸟时就想，这是一只我必须亲眼见到的鸟。

It was a bird that I looked at and I thought that's a bird that I have to see.

于是我买了第一双望远镜，然后就像大多数人那样，深深陷入了观鸟之中。

So then I got my first pair of binoculars and, you know, really fell deep into bird watching, as you do.

你知道的，就是这么个过程。

You know how it goes.

我觉得我的观鸟热情真正升温是在我的荣誉研究项目快结束的时候。

And I think it probably ramped up really at the end of my honors project.

我为这个项目付出了很多努力，甚至准备提前提交。

I worked really hard on that project and was actually prepared to submit early.

你知道吗，当时我快结束时纯粹是在打发时间，每天花几个小时去观鸟，渐渐地，我好像失去了控制自己不去的冲动。

You know, I was really just burning time at the end and I spent hours every day going bird watching and sort of, I guess, lost control of my, you know, urge not to go.

是的。

And yeah.

所以确实是这样。

So it yeah.

从那以后，观鸟的热情不断升温，后来我自然地开始了博士研究，课题是海鸟，回头看看真是感慨。

It just ramped up from there and, obviously, then took on my PhD, which was on seabirds and have a look back.

冠啸鹟，现在已被划分为东部啸鹟和西部啸鹟两个物种，真是

The crested shrike tit, which has been now split into the eastern and western shrike tit species, is such

一个令人着迷的入门鸟种。

a cool spark bird.

如果你从没见过这种鸟，赶紧上网搜张图片看看。

If you've never seen one before, jump online and find an image.

它们真是十足的捣蛋鬼。

They're such punks.

这正是我描述它们的方式。

That's exactly the way that I describe them.

它们就像是鸟类世界里的朋克摇滚明星。

Like, they are the punk bird punk rockers of the bird world.

谁不想看看条纹山雀呢？

Who doesn't wanna see a striped tit?

我花了好几年才终于看到一只，那是西部条纹山雀。

And, you know, it took me years to be able to see one and, you know, it was the western striped tit.

多棒的鸟啊。

What a cool bird.

我刚去过维多利亚，能听到它们在叫，这些小家伙，但就是看不见。

And I was just over in Victoria and, you know, I could hear them calling, those little buggers, but couldn't see them.

最后终于找到了一只鸟，第二天我又回到同一个地方，它又在那里了。

And then finally got onto a bird And then the next day went back to the same spot and there it was again.

我用手机拍了一张照片。

And I got a photo on my phone.

我离得特别近。

I was so close.

要是我带了相机，就能拍到最棒的照片了。

Like, if I had to take in my camera, I would have had the most amazing photos.

但这确实是一次美妙的经历。

But, yeah, it was a wonderful experience.

好的。

Okay.

我们被短嘴鸦给岔开了话题，这

We're getting distracted by shriketits, which

就是当你热爱鸟类时会发生的事。

is what happens when you love birds.

其实不需要太多，对吧？

It doesn't take much, does it?

克莱尔说，她成为鸟类学家并专攻海鸟生态学的旅程并非一帆风顺。

Claire says that her journey to becoming an ornithologist and a marine scientist who specializes in seabird ecology wasn't a straight path.

我的荣誉研究是关于章鱼对人工海牧场中鲍鱼的捕食行为。

My honors was looking at octopus predation of abalone on an artificial sea ranch.

所以非常不同。

So really different.

但在攻读博士时，我知道我想参与一个能对保护工作产生切实应用的项目，并且我希望研究对象是鸟类。

But going into my PhD, I knew that I wanted to work on a project where I could have a really strong applied application to conservation, and I wanted it to be a bird.

而且，由于我对海洋环境的兴趣，研究对象必须是海鸟。

And, obviously, because of my interest in the marine environment, it it had to be a seabird.

于是我进行了一些讨论，探索了许多不同的课题。

So I had a few discussions and, you know, I I explored many topics.

我甚至研究过鱼类。

I I did look at fish.

我还研究过袋食蚁兽。

I even looked at numbats.

但最终，我还是回到了鸟类，研究燕鸥的想法浮现了出来。

But in the end, it came back to the birds, and the idea of studying the fairy tern came up.

我想这是一种从未被详细研究过的物种。

And I guess it was a species that there'd never been a detailed study.

我们以为自己知道它们孵蛋需要多长时间，但样本量只有两个。

We thought that we knew how long they sat on the eggs from a sample size of two.

所以，你知道，信息非常少。

So, you know, not a lot of information.

因此，我想，这是一种受威胁的物种。

And so I thought, look, this is a threatened species.

你知道，有些物种的数量一直在减少。

You know, there are species that has been decreasing.

它们确实需要一些研究工作。

There needs to be some work done on them.

我们在西澳大利亚有一群非常热心的人，他们帮助做了一些工作，比如设置标识牌、围栏，以及开展公民科学项目。

And we had a really interested group of people in Western Australia that were helping to do some of that community putting out the signs and the fencing and the citizen science type work.

所以我想，这真是个绝佳的项目。

So I thought, look, this is a great project.

然后事情就自然而然地发展起来了。

And it just developed from there.

围绕渡轮的往返时间设计了这个项目。

Designed the project around the ferry turn.

我有一套非常明确的问题，但我觉得最终的成果远远超出了我的预期。

You know, I had a very clear set of questions, but I think the outcomes were much bigger than what I ever expected.

克莱尔现在是一名从事海洋项目的咨询鸟类学家，致力于保护鸟类及其栖息地。

Clare now works as a consulting ornithologist on marine projects to help protect birds and their habitats.

重点是海鸟和滨鸟，所以我真正身处自己热爱的领域，确保我们不会对最关心的物种造成重大影响。

Seabirds and shorebirds are the focus, so I really am working where in the space that I really like to be working and making sure that we're not having a significant impact on the species that we care most about.

在她作为科学家和观鸟者的旅程中，克莱尔爱上了燕鸥。

And through her journey as a scientist and a birdwatcher, Claire has fallen in love with terns.

一些周末观鸟的听众刚刚接触观鸟，可能不熟悉这种鸟。

Some weekend birder listeners are very new to birdwatching and may not be familiar with this type of bird.

燕鸥是与海鸥相关的海鸟，通常体型更小、更纤细，拥有长而尖的翅膀和分叉的尾巴。

Terns are seabirds that are related to the gulls, typically smaller and more slender with long pointed wings and a forked tail.

它们飞得也特别快。

They also fly super fast.

你可能会看到它们俯冲入海，或在沙滩上与海鸥一起休息，又或在内陆湿地上方飞翔。

You might see them dive bombing the ocean or hanging out on the sand with seagulls or flying over inland wetlands.

因此，我们这里的燕鸥种类相当多样，我想这取决于你如何分类，比如到底有多少个物种之类的。

So we do have quite the diversity of terns, and I suppose it depends on how you wanna classify things as to, you know, how many species are there, etcetera, etcetera.

我来给你做一个大致的概述。

I'll give you a general overview.

我们在澳大利亚有12种繁殖的燕鸥，这还不包括玄燕鸥。

So we have 12 breeding species in Australia and that doesn't include the noddies.

但玄燕鸥被归入燕鸥的亚科中。

But the noddies are grouped in with the terns within their subfamily.

此外，还有一些不在此地繁殖、但会造访澳大利亚海岸的物种。

And then we have a bunch of species that don't breed here in Australia and they visit Australian shores.

它们可能是常客，也可能是偶尔出现的访客，比如普通燕鸥，有时你可能会在不同地方偶尔看到白翅黑燕鸥。

You know, they might be regular visitors or they might be less frequent visitors, but things like your common terns, you know, where you might get a white winged black tern occasionally popping up depending on where you are.

所以有非常多不同的物种。

So there's lots of different species.

就连北极燕鸥，你知道，它们会进行人们可能听过的非凡迁徙。

Even the Arctic terns, you know, they make those extraordinary migrations that people might have heard about.

它们是世界上迁徙距离最长的鸟类之一。

They're one of the longest distance migrants in the world.

它们可以在北极繁殖地和南极之间飞行高达8万公里的距离。

They can travel up to 80,000 kilometres between their Arctic breeding grounds and the Antarctic.

因此，它们一生中会进行极其遥远的迁徙。

So they're making extraordinarily long distance movements over their lifetime.

然后你可以思考不同物种如何占据不同的栖息地。

You can then think about how different species occupy different habitats.

比如你有经典的海滩筑巢物种，如白额燕鸥和小燕鸥。

So you've got your classical beach nesting species like your fairy terns and your little terns.

然后还有岛屿栖息的物种，它们可能在各种栖息地中筑巢，比如凤头燕鸥甚至苍燕鸥。

Then you've got island based species, so they might be nesting in a variety of habitats like your crested terns and even your Caspian terns.

苍燕鸥很有趣，因为它们常常单独筑巢，但有时也会形成群体栖息。

And, you know, Caspian terns are an interesting one because often they will nest singly, but then you can also get colonial groups as well.

所以在西澳大利亚的一些离岸岛上，你会看到每座岛只有一对，但在其他地方，它们却聚群筑巢。

So, you know, up at some of our offshore islands in WA, you get one pair per island, but then in other spots, they're nesting in a colony.

这真的非常有趣。

So that that's really cool to see.

然后还有沼泽物种，比如髯燕鸥。

And then you've got marsh species like the the whiskered tern.

所以，我们确实拥有非常丰富的物种多样性可以观察。

So, you know, that we do really have quite the diversity of species that we get to look at.

而且，根据它们所处的生命阶段，它们的外观会有所不同，这使得识别不同物种变得非常困难。

And depending on where they are in their life cycle, they all look a bit different, which makes it so hard to be be able to identify the different species.

我以前以为燕鸥就是那些在海洋上空飞翔或站在海滩上的海鸟。

I used to think of terns as these seabirds flying over the ocean or standing on the beach.

所以，在我观鸟生涯早期，当我看到一大群燕鸥在内陆维多利亚的湿地里活动时，我感到非常惊讶。

So imagine my surprise very early on in my bird watching life to see flocks of terns hanging out in wetlands in Inland Victoria.

克莱尔说，燕鸥并不是唯一这样做的鸟类。

Claire says that fairy terns aren't the only ones who do this.

是的。

Yeah.

所以，你在内陆地区经常能看到的另一种物种是白翅黑燕鸥。

So the other species that you'll get quite often on the inland areas is the white winged black terns.

它们并不在澳大利亚繁殖，但这两种物种都与这些沼泽型栖息地有关。

They don't breed here in Australia, but both of those species are associated with those marshy type habitats.

你知道，我去过几次布鲁姆和内陆平原，那里有成千上万的个体。

You know, spend a bit of time well, a couple of times up in Broome and on the plains and, you know, they just there's so many individuals there.

它们以昆虫和蜻蜓为食，哦，我们还忘了海鸥嘴燕鸥。

You know, they're feeding on insects and dragonflies and oh, we also forgot the gull billed tern.

那是另一种繁殖物种。

That's another breeding species.

海鸥嘴燕鸥栖息在多种不同的栖息地中，但它们也是喜欢在沼泽中自在活动的另一种鸟类。

They occupy a range of different habitats, gull billed terns, but they're another species that likes to be, you know, in the marsh having a good time.

我邀请克莱尔参加节目的一個原因是帮助我们提升辨识技能。

One of the reasons I invited Claire on the show is to help us with our turn ID skills.

但克莱尔想提醒我们，这并没有听起来那么简单。

But Claire wants to give us a heads up that this isn't as easy as it sounds.

因此，我们可以利用多种因素来识别不同的物种。

So there are a range of factors that we can use to be able to identify the different species.

当然，我知道这真的很难，我不会轻视这一点。

And look, I won't discount this knowing that it is really difficult.

所以请记住，你只能从自己的基础水平不断提升。

So just keep it in mind, but you can only get better from your baseline.

而且有很多人愿意提供帮助。

And there's lots of people out there who are willing to help.

所以，如果你在野外看到一种燕鸥，比如在海滩上，我首先会做的就是观察它的体型，以帮助更准确地辨识。

So I guess if you're out in the field and you see a turn, you know, perhaps you're on a beach, So the first thing that I would do to be able to help refine the ID is probably look at its size.

如果它们非常小，大约只有海鸥三分之一的大小，那你很可能看到的是白额燕鸥或小燕鸥。

If they're, you know, really small, you know, they're about the third of a size of a gull, you know, you're probably looking at something like a fairy turn or a little turn.

体型稍大一些的，根据你所在的位置，有时在海滩上能看到的是须嘴鹬。

Something that's a little bit bigger and occasionally you might see them on a beach depending where you are is a whiskered turn.

所以你正在按体型大小逐步排查。

So you're working your way up in the size.

然后显然还有羽毛的颜色。

Then obviously you've got things like plumage color.

鸟喙是什么颜色的？

So what color is the bill?

腿是什么颜色的？

What color is the legs?

这些特征有助于缩小你可能看到的物种范围。

And they can help to help narrow what species you might be looking at.

此外，头部形状也是区分不同物种的重要特征。

Also the head shape is an important thing to be able to understand between the different species.

还有就是地理位置。

And then location is another one.

你可以根据地理位置排除某些特定的物种。

You might be able to rule out other particular species based on location.

比如，如果你在海滩上看到一只非常白色的燕鸥，很难分辨它到底是白额燕鸥吗？

You know, for example, if you've got a really whitish tern on the beach, it's hard to distinguish, you know, is it a white fronted tern?

它是粉红燕鸥吗？

Is it a rosy at tern?

如果你在西澳大利亚，大概就可以直接排除白额燕鸥了。

Well, you know, if you're over in Western Australia, probably you can just get rid of white fronted.

它不可能是那种。

It's not gonna be one of them.

是的。

Yeah.

我们现在手机上有一些非常棒的应用程序，可以帮助我们观察这些不同的特征。

We've got some fantastic apps on our phones now that we can use to help look at those different features.

我觉得我在研究小型燕鸥时经常遇到的一个问题是小燕鸥和 fairy 燕鸥之间的区别。

I guess one of the things for me that I have come up a lot being working on small terns is the differences between little terns and fairy terns.

你知道，一旦你长时间观察这些鸟，就肯定会变得更容易了。

You know, once you've looked at these birds for a long time, it be definitely becomes easier.

所以我关注的是外侧初级飞羽的颜色，尤其是那些处于非繁殖羽的鸟。

So the things that I'm looking for the color of the outer primaries, especially if they're birds that are in non breeding plumage.

所以，你知道，处于繁殖羽的鸟就非常容易辨认。

So, you know, birds in breeding plumage, really easy.

小燕鸥基本上有一条黑色条纹，从眼睛一直延伸到喙部。

The little turn has basically a black stripe that runs all the way from the eye through to the bill.

所以，你知道，这是小燕鸥和白燕鸥的一个独特特征，可以据此区分它们。

So, you know, that's that's a unique characteristic, you can discern little turn from fairy turn.

但一旦进入非繁殖羽甚至幼鸟阶段，辨别起来就困难多了。

But once you get into nonbreeding birds and even immature birds, it becomes a lot more difficult.

所以，是的，观察外侧初级飞羽的颜色，还有背部和翅膀羽毛的颜色。

So, yeah, looking at the color of the outer primaries, looking at the color of, you know, the feathers on the back and the wings.

另外，我喜欢观察的一个有趣特征是眼睛上方白色开始的位置，实际上可以通过白色开始的位置来区分小燕鸥和白燕鸥。

And also an interesting feature that I like to look at is above the eye where the white starts, you can actually see and pick a little turn from a fairy turn based on where the white starts.

所以白额燕鸥，你知道，它们的黑色一直延伸到眼睛的中点，而小燕鸥的黑色则在它们眉毛上方的位置。

So the fairy turn, you know, they've got black all the way down to midway point of their eye, whereas the little turn, it's above their sort of where their eyebrow would be.

所以如果你能有好的视野，也许拍张照片。

So if you can get a good view, perhaps get a photo.

照片总是有助于辨识。

Photos are always good to help with ID.

然后你还可以加入那些流行的Facebook页面。

And then you can also jump onto one of those fantastic Facebook pages that are going around.

澳大利亚鸟类辨识是一个很好的群组。

Australian bird ID is a great one.

那里有很多专家，人们都非常乐意帮助你缩小你所发照片的物种范围。

And there's lots of expertise on there, and people are more than willing to help narrow your species that you post.

太棒了。

Hooly dooly.

我不知道自己是否能成为优秀的燕鸥辨识者，但克莱尔说不要放弃，因为像其他观鸟技能一样，这是一项可以随着时间推移而提升的技能。

I don't know whether I'll ever be a good tern identifier, But Claire says not to give up because like other birdwatching skills, this is something that can develop over time.

你知道吗，刚开始观鸟时，你主要关注那些视觉特征。

So, you know, when you first get into birdwatching, you're mainly looking at those visual characters.

这只鸟长什么样？

What does what does the bird look like?

它有多大？

What's the size?

它的体型是什么样的？

What's the shape?

但随着经验增加，你会开始关注其他方面。

But as you become more experienced, you start to look at other things.

你会注意到不同的细节。

You're noticing different things.

我对鸟叫声着迷，而且一旦听不出鸟叫就特别难受。

I'm obsessed with calls, and and I hate not knowing a bird call.

所以，你知道，去另一个州旅行时，我会抓狂，必须疯狂地花几天时间学会所有的鸟叫声。

So, you know, going to another state, it drives me a little bit bonkers, and I just have to go mad for a few days until I learn all the calls.

学习鸟鸣是非常好的一种方式。

Learning bird calls is a really good one.

而且，你知道，即使是细微的转折和小动作，我也听过有人说，哦，你分辨不出来。

And, you know, even fairy turns and little turns, you know, I've heard people say, oh, you can't pick them.

但你 definitely 能分辨出来。

But you definitely can.

它们的声音是不同的。

They've got a different voice.

但它们的飞行方式也有差异。

But they also have differences in their flight.

小转折 definitely 更加灵活。

The little turn is definitely more acrobatic.

你知道，它们的飞行方式更像是一种有须的转折，我会这么说。

You know, they're a bit more like a a whiskered turn, I would say, the the way that they fly.

所以，是的，观察飞行特征 definitely 是其中一个方面。

So, yeah, looking at flight characteristics is is definitely one thing.

在远洋观鸟时也是同样的道理。

And it's the same thing going out on a pelagic.

你知道，海上一直有各种不同的剪水鹱、海燕和暴风海燕。

You know, you know, there's a whole raft of different shearwaters and petrels and gunbirders that are out there on the water all the time.

通常，你用来辨识的一个特征就是观察它们的飞行方式。

Often that is one of the characteristics that you use is just looking at their flight.

如果你想了解更多关于远洋鸟类的知识，欢迎收听第127期节目，嘉宾是霍莉·柯克博士。

If you want to learn more about pelargics, tune in to episode a 127 with doctor Holly Kirk.

好的。

Okay.

到目前为止，克莱尔的辨识技巧是观察体型、羽毛颜色（视情况而定）、叫声和飞行特征。

So far, Claire's turn ID tips are to look at the size, maybe feather colors, depending, calls and flight characteristics.

如果你仔细聆听，随着时间推移，你或许能听出它们叫声的差异。

And if you tune your ear really carefully, you might be able to over time hear their call difference.

我没能弄到一只小海燕的录音，但这里有一段 fairy turn 的叫声，你可以用来练习听力。

I couldn't get my hands on a recording of a little turn, but here's a fairy turn for you to practice your listening on.

非常感谢马克·安德森持续为我们提供他的录音。

Many thanks to Mark Anderson who continues to gift us his recordings.

我发现了解鸟类的季节性迁徙有助于我成为一名更好的观鸟者。

I found that understanding the seasonal movements of a bird has helped me become a better bird watcher.

例如，我知道杜鹃在夏季会来到我的社区。

For example, I know that cuckoos arrive in my neighborhood over summer.

当天气变凉时，它们就会向北飞去。

When the weather gets cooler, they head north.

所以我在想，我能否用同样的方法来理解和识别海鸥？

So I'm wondering, can I use this same approach to understand and identify terns?

确实存在很多差异，甚至不同种群之间也可能有区别。

There's definitely a lot of variation, and there can even be differences between the different populations.

像白额燕鸥这类鸟，我认为它们属于澳大利亚亚种，且不迁徙。

Things like fairy terns, I would say you've got an Australian subspecies and they are non migratory.

但小燕鸥则不同，从某种意义上说，它们是一种全球分布的燕鸥。

But then you've got the little tern and they're a cosmopolitan tern when you think about it, really.

你知道，它们遍布全球，但在澳大利亚我们可能有两种亚种：塔斯曼亚种和印度-太平洋小海鸥。

You know, they're all around the world, but we have potentially two subspecies in Australia, the Tasman and the Indo Pacific little terns.

在这一类鸟中，有些是亚洲候鸟，它们在亚洲繁殖，非繁殖期则在澳大利亚水域度过。

In that group of birds, you've got birds that are Asian migrants, so they breed in Asia and they spend the non breeding period in Australian waters.

但还有一些是留鸟，全年都留在这里。

But then you've got residents that stay here year round.

这些种群之间存在这样的差异。

You've got that difference between the populations.

想想凤头海鸥和苍燕鸥很有趣，因为根据《EPBC法案》，这些物种被列为候鸟。

It's interesting to think about crested terns and Caspian terns because under the EPBC legislation, those species are listed as migratory.

所以，对于不了解EPBC法案的人，它指的是《环境保护与生物多样性保护法》，这是澳大利亚国家级法律，规定了保护所有澳大利亚动物的必要要求。

So for anybody who's not aware of what the EPBC legislation is, it's the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act and it's the national piece of legislation that sets out requirements for the protection of all of Australia's faeces.

我很好奇，为什么这些粪便会被列为候鸟，因为根据我所看到的所有证据，特别是西澳大利亚南部的鸟类，并没有任何证据表明它们是候鸟。

I was quite curious about the fact that these faeces were being listed as migratory because from all of the evidence that I've seen, there's no evidence, particularly for birds Southern Western Australia that these birds were migratory.

甚至在维多利亚州进行的大量环志研究中，这些鸟究竟迁徙到哪里去了呢？

And even, you know, the significant banding work that has been done in Victoria, you know, where are these birds migrating to?

基本上，来自这些南部种群的证据表明，它们传统上并不迁徙，但它们确实会进行广泛的移动。

Basically, what the evidence shows from these southern populations is that they're not traditionally migratory but, you know, they can make extensive movements.

我们还必须记住，有些鸟类实际上在其他国家繁殖，然后飞到我们的北部海岸。

We also have to remember the fact that we have birds that are actually breeding elsewhere in other countries, and they are coming to our northern shores.

这就是为什么立法中将它们与迁徙种群联系起来的原因。

And that's why you have that link to the migratory populations in the legislation.

因此，重要的是要理解这种背景：不同种群的行为各不相同。

So it's important to have that context that, you know, different populations are doing different things.

听起来我需要对造访我所在地区的燕鸥做更多研究。

Sounds like I'll need to do some more research about the terns that visit my area.

我不知道你怎么样，但我真的很想了解更多关于燕鸥的行为。

I don't know about you, but I'm really curious to know more about tern behavior.

我想燕鸥普遍共有的一个特点是，它们是视觉捕食者。

I guess one of the things that terns generally have in common is that they're visual feeders.

因此，它们依赖清澈的水域，以便看清小型饵鱼，然后俯冲下去捕捉猎物。

So they're relying on, you know, clear waters to be able to see small bait fish to be able to dive down and pick up that prey.

terns collectively 被称为喙载者，这意味着它们会用喙捕捉并携带鱼类。

Terns collectively are known as bill loaders, and that means that they will capture and carry fish in their bills.

在求偶期间，当它们为配偶提供食物或喂养幼鸟时，它们会捕获猎物，并常常只携带一条鱼返回海滩，以此为配偶提供食物。

And then during the courtship period when they're provisioning mates or if they're feeding chicks, they catch the prey and they carry often a single fish back to the beach to then provision their mates.

是的。

Yeah.

它们用喙携带鱼类的方式称为喙载，这与一些远洋物种不同，后者会吞下猎物，然后为幼鸟吐出来。

The way that they carry fish in their bills is bill loading as opposed to some of the pelagic species which will actually ingest the prey and then they will regurgitate it for their young.

所以，它们的行为方式存在差异。

So, you know, differences in the way that they behave.

而这些信息实际上也是为什么 terns 及不同物种会在不同环境中筑巢的原因之一。

And that information actually is one of the reasons why terns and different species will nest in different environments.

实际上，我得对刚才关于吐食的陈述做个补充。

And actually, I'll just caveat that last statement about the regurgitation.

黑色的 terns，比如乌燕鸥和白燕鸥，它们会进行吐食。

The dark terns, so sooty terns and your bridal terns, they will regurgitate.

所以它们属于远洋物种，会飞到比白额燕鸥、小燕鸥、冠燕鸥等沿海燕鸥更远的海域。

So they're more of pelagic species, so they're going much further out than your coastal terns like your fairy terns, little terns and, you know, crested terns, etcetera.

所以，是的，鸟类世界里总是有例外的。

So, yeah, they're definitely there's always an exception, you know, what it's like in the bird world.

你有一些物种，比如白额燕鸥和小燕鸥，它们捕食的都是很小的鱼。

You've got species that like your fairy terns and your little terns where, you know, they're they're foraging on really small fish.

如果你想想，它们每次只抓一条鱼，还要长途跋涉回巢喂养配偶或雏鸟，在繁殖季节如果觅食地离繁殖地太远，代价会非常高。

And if you think about it, them catching one fish and then having to travel a long way back to feed either a mate or a chick, that can be quite costly during the reproductive season if they're not foraging in a location that is close to where they're breeding.

因此，猎物在哪里，是决定燕鸥群落选址的关键因素之一。

So that element, where's the prey, is one of the controlling factors in where colonies will become established.

通常我们了解到，这些小型燕鸥的觅食范围一般在繁殖地几公里之内，在群落形成初期，猎物分布是预测它们是否产卵的重要指标。

So typically what we know about these small terns is that they'll be foraging typically within a couple of kilometers of the breeding site, and that prey field during the early colony formation period will be an important predictor about whether or not they lay eggs.

所以这是一个有趣的小知识。

So that's a cool little fun fact to know.

弯嘴燕鸥可以飞到更远的地方觅食，已知它们会飞到大约40公里外。

The crescent terns, they can forage further afield and they are known to go up to about 40 kilometres away.

如果不需要的话，它们在喂养雏鸟时可能不会飞那么远，但你知道，它们是体型大得多的鸟。

They're probably not going so far when they're provisioning chicks if they don't have to, but, you know, they're a much larger bird.

它们能覆盖更长的距离。

They can cover much larger distances.

所以它们能飞得比 fairy terns 更远，而后者体型大约只有它们的三分之一。

So they can go a bit further than fairy terns, which, you know, they're about a third of the size body size.

有趣的是，苍燕鸥更偏向于在近岸区域觅食。

Interestingly, the Caspian terns, they're more of a bent thick forager.

与 fairy terns、little terns、crescent terns 不同，它们捕食的是小型饵鱼，而苍燕鸥则在浅水环境中捕食如白鱼和鲻鱼等猎物。

So unlike the, you know, the fairy terns, little terns, crescent terns, which are feeding on small bait fish and same with the rosier terns, your Caspian terns are foraging on things like whitings, mullets in shallow water environments.

实际上，我曾有一个优秀本科生研究过这个问题：苍燕鸥吃什么？

So, actually, I had an honour student that looked at this question, what do Caspian terns feed on?

是的，白鱼和鲻鱼是最重要的猎物。

And, yeah, it was the whitings and the mullets that were the most important prey.

而在那些有浅水区域的地方，它们可以潜入水中捕捉这些猎物。

And in areas where there's those shallow areas where they can dive down and actually capture that prey.

所以，你知道，它们仍然需要能够透过清澈的水看到猎物，然后潜下去捕捉。

So, you know, it's still got that recurring theme where they need to be able to see through the clear water, dive down and catch the prey.

正如我简要提到的，玫瑰燕鸥，相比之下，更像是一种远洋物种。

As I mentioned briefly, the rosiet terns, you know, this is more of a pelagic species, I guess, compared to some of the other beach nesting species.

它们会成群结队地聚集在水面上。

They will actually raft in large numbers.

亲眼看到数百只玫瑰燕鸥在水面上聚集，真的非常震撼。

It's a really cool thing to be able to see, like, you know, hundreds of roseate terns just rafting out on the water.

它们依赖金枪鱼将饵鱼驱赶到水面，然后成群结队地捕食这些鱼群。

They will they rely on tuners to push up the bait fish to the surface, and then they feed in massive groups on the schools of the prey.

能够目睹这一幕真是太棒了，当你在船上时，通常还会看到许多其他物种加入其中。

And, you know, it's such an awesome sight to be able to see that and, you know, being out on the vessel and, you know, often they're joined by a whole raft of different species.

我们最近有机会前往蒙特贝洛群岛进行海鸟调查。

We recently had the opportunity to go up to the Montebello Islands and do some seabird surveys up there.

你知道，我们看到了大量的剪嘴鸥，包括楔尾剪嘴鸥和哈顿剪嘴鸥，还有成千上万的玫瑰燕鸥、大凤头燕鸥、小凤头燕鸥，全都积极参与其中。

And, you know, we had shearwaters, you know, wedge tailed shearwaters and Hutton shearwaters and Rosy at Terns by their thousands, crested terns, lesser crested terns, you know, all getting in on the action.

金枪鱼正在把饵鱼驱赶到水面。

You've got the tuners pushing up the bait fish.

你知道，这里热闹非凡，真是个绝佳的地方。

You know, it's action packed and a great place to be.

海鸥群居筑巢的一个特点就是，它们可以与邻居分享和学习信息。

And that's one of the things about terns and nesting colonially is that you can share information and learn information from your neighbors.

一旦有一只鸟发现了猎物，其他鸟就会跟着加入，形成一场捕食狂潮。

And you'll see it once one bird's onto it, you know, the others will join in and they will you know, it becomes a bit of a feeding frenzy.

有一件事我从没想过自己会感兴趣，那就是海鸥的反刍行为。

Here's something that I never thought I would be interested in, the regurgitation behavior of terns.

但事实就是这样。

But here we are.

这些鸟类真是令人着迷。

What a fascinating group of birds.

和所有鸟类一样，海鸥也有一个值得传播的生存故事。

And like all birds, terns have a survival story that needs to be shared.

克莱尔一直致力于 fairy tern 的保护工作。

Claire has been focusing her energy on the conservation of the fairy tern.

当我开始我的博士研究时，我就知道自己想专注于保护工作，为像 fairy tern 这样的物种带来切实的影响，真正做点什么。

When I took on my PhD, I knew that I wanted to be able to have a, a strong focus on conservation and have a meaningful impact for a species, like, you be able to do something.

能够攻读博士学位是一种荣幸。

It's a privilege to be able to do a PhD.

并不是每个人都有机会读博士。

Not everybody has the chance to do one.

我深感对这种鸟负有巨大责任，必须传达它的故事。

And I feel a tremendous responsibility to this bird to be able to convey its message.

可以说，我的博士研究的一个副产品就是我能够传播 fairy tern 的信息，而现在，这个信息已经自己传播开了。

And I you know, it's been one of the byproducts of my PhD that I've been able to share the message of the fairyturn, and now it's it's grown legs.

你知道吗？

You know?

这种巨大的社区支持是自然形成的，尤其是在西澳大利亚地区。

It's it's been an organic growth of this huge community support, particularly here in Western Australia.

我们看到，这种伟大的保护行动正是从一个非常小的起点发展起来的。

And we've seen amazing stewardship come from, you know, something that was very small.

最初只有一小群人对 fairy tern 感兴趣。

We had a very small group of people that were interested in fairy turns.

但通过我的博士研究，我的项目中有多个环节都邀请了志愿者参与。

But, you know, through my PhD, I had various elements of the project where I had volunteers involved.

我让当地社区参与进来，亲自协助数据收集工作。

I got local communities involved to come and actually help with data collection.

然后，他们还参与了诸如鸟类环志项目或 fairy tern 迁徙研究等不同计划。

And then, you know, they've been involved in different programs like our bird banding project or ferry turns to understand their movements.

我们成立了西澳 fairy tern 保护小组。

We've got the WA Fairy Tern Conservation Group.

这个小组主要由土地管理者和关心 fairy tern 的当地志愿者组成，如今，小组中的大多数人已经能够前往海滩。

And basically it's a collection of land managers and local volunteers that care deeply about fairy turns to the point now that most people that are in the group can go down to the beach.

他们能识别出 fairy tern 求偶行为的早期迹象。

They recognise those early signs of courtship behaviour.

你知道，他们会去那里留意，然后说：看，好像有凤头燕鸥在筑巢了。

You know, they go and they keep an eye out and they say, look, looks like we might have fairy terns nesting.

我们会联系土地管理者。

We get in contact with the land manager.

土地管理者会去设置围栏和标识牌。

The land managers will go and put the fencing and the signage out.

以前这都是我一个人和一小群人来做。

You know, that used to all be me and working with a very small group of people.

但现在是这些人，他们在照看自己的那一片区域。

But now it's you know, these people, they're looking after their own patch.

他们了解凤头燕鸥。

They know about fairy terns.

他们主动承担了责任，而且非常坚定。

You know, they've taken on the responsibility, and they are fierce.

他们会尽全力保护这些鸟类。

They will protect these birds with all their might.

能够看到这一切真是太好了。

It's wonderful to be able to see that.

所以，是的，看到西澳大利亚州在这项燕鸥保护工作中的巨大进展，是一段非常宝贵的经历。

So, yeah, it's been a tremendous experience to see this growth in fairy tern conservation here in Western Australia.

我们最近也启动了恢复团队。

We've also recently started the recovery team.

几年前，我们实际上在2020年完成了燕鸥的恢复计划。

So a few years ago, we finalized in 2020, actually, the recovery plan for the fairy tern.

但一直没能成立恢复团队。

But a recovery team was never established.

于是我与澳大拉西亚海鸟小组合作，提出了成立恢复团队的建议。

So I worked with the Australasian Sea Bird Group and put forth the idea that we could start the recovery team.

我很高兴地告诉大家，这个建议已经成功落地了。

And I'm very happy to say that that has come through to fruition.

现在，我们已经汇聚了全国范围的利益相关方和专家，共同确保我们运用最优质的科学方法，为这一物种的保护提供支持。

We've now got stakeholders across the country and experts that have come together to make sure that we are doing the best science and informing conservation for this species.

你知道吗，东海岸发生的情况有点令人担忧。

You know, what's happening over in the East Coast is a little bit concerning.

近年来，数量大幅减少。

The numbers have really reduced in recent years.

而且，如果你从保护和生物学的角度来思考，这些鸟是群居筑巢的。

And, you know, if you think about that from a conservation perspective and a biological perspective, you know, these are colonial nesting birds.

群居筑巢的好处之一是单个个体被捕食的风险降低，同时也有更多个体可以驱赶捕食者。

One of the benefits of nesting in colonies is that you have reduced individual risk of predation, but you have more individuals to potentially ward off predators.

鸟类群居筑巢有很多原因。

You know, there's a lot of reasons why birds nest in colonies.

而现在，我们看到的巢群规模变小了。

And now we're seeing smaller colonies.

这肯定会产生某种影响。

So that must be having some sort of an impact.

关于小燕鸥已经有一些研究，小燕鸥是另一种燕鸥属鸟类，而 fairy tern 正属于这个属，在系统发育树上与之相关。

You know, there's been some research on the least tern, so that's another sternula, which is the genus where fairyturns are situated within the phylogeny tree.

这些研究显示，存在一个最优的群落规模。

And those studies have shown that, there is an optimal colony size.

所以，如果你考虑到这些小型群落，确实令人担忧。

So, you know, if you do think about, you know, these small colonies, it is concerning.

因此，确实需要汇集专业知识，以便为管理提供支持，甚至以标准化的方式收集数据。

So yeah, having that expertise come together to be able to inform management and just even collecting data in a standard way.

我们将制定一份指南，以便每个人都能以相同的方式进行监测和收集数据。

So we're going to be writing a guideline so that everybody can be monitoring and collecting data in the same way.

这将帮助我们了解它们的种群随时间可能发生的变化。

That's going to help us to understand how their populations might be changing over time.

听到人们正在为小燕鸥协调努力，真是太好了。

That's so great to hear that people are coordinating their efforts for the fairy tern.

克莱尔说，像小燕鸥和小 tern 这样的海滩筑巢物种确实需要社区的关爱。

Claire says that beach nesting species like fairy terns and little terns really do need community care.

设立围栏和竖立标识牌，并不是因为我们想把人们挡在他们喜爱的地方之外。

When fences are erected and, you know, sign the signs go up, it's not because we wanna keep people off those places that they love.

这只是因为我们试图保护这些鸟类。

It's just because we're trying to protect the birds.

关键是意识到它们并不是一直都在那里。

And the thing is to to realize they're not there all the time.

它们可能今年在那里，但只需要那片空间很短的时间。

They might be there one year, and and they only need the space for a little time.

所以让我们共享栖息地，共同努力。

So let's share the habitat and work together.

而且，大多数人其实都想做正确的事，只是他们不知道。

And, you know, most people wanna do the right thing, but they just don't know.

他们不知道自己在保护什么。

They don't know what they're protecting.

但一旦你知道了自己在保护什么，人们就会想要参与其中。

But once you know what you're protecting, people would just wanna be part of it.

社区真的可以积极参与。

Communities really can get involved.

你知道吗，Facebook群组里有很多信息共享，不同的议会也在分享信息，还有你们当地的公园和野生动物服务机构，具体取决于你所在的地方。

You know, there's a lot of sharing of information on Facebook groups, different you know, the councils are sharing information and, you know, your parks and wildlife type services depending on where you are.

还有你们当地的鸟类团体，他们都知道正在发生什么。

And your local bird groups, you know, they will know what's going on.

所以，尽量多了解一些信息吧。

So, you know, just try and learn as much information as you can.

如果你所在的区域有这些小燕鸥筑巢，请成为解决方案的一部分。

If you do have a patch where these small terns are nesting, be part of the solution.

请让你的狗系上牵引绳。

Keep your dog on a leash.

请让你的猫待在室内，尤其是在晚上。

Keep your cats indoors, particularly at night.

你知道吗，我们每个人都可以采取一些非常简单的措施，确保这些鸟类拥有一个成功的未来。

You know, there's a few really simple steps that we can all do to make sure that these birds do have a successful future.

正如我们在西澳大利亚看到的那样，沿海社区在保护燕鸥方面发挥着至关重要的作用，你绝对可以为这些可爱的小鸟带来改变。

As we've seen here in Western Australia, coastal communities absolutely play an important role in the conservation of the fairy tern, and you absolutely can make a difference for these charismatic little birds.

我在节目说明中提供了克莱尔的网站和她的Instagram账号链接，你可以在《周末观鸟者》网站上找到这些信息，以便与她取得联系，了解更多关于燕鸥的信息，并关注她的 fairy tern 保护项目。

I've put a link to Claire's website and her Instagram account in the show notes, which you can find on the Weekend Birder website so that you can connect with her and learn more about terns and follow her fairy tern conservation projects.

结果发现，克莱尔还是一位非常有才华的自然摄影师。

And it turns out that Claire's also a really skilled nature photographer.

我们这次节目没有时间讨论摄影，但我将推出一个独立的迷你节目，让你详细了解这方面的内容。

We don't have time to talk photography in this episode, but I'm gonna release a mini episode separate to this one so you can hear all about it.

接下来就马上开始。

It's coming up next.

克莱尔，你太棒了。

Claire, you are amazing.

感谢你来到节目，与我们分享你充满热情与智慧的心灵。

Thanks for coming on the show to share your big heart and your big smarts with us.

也感谢所有发送主题建议的听众。

And thanks to everyone who's been sending through their topic requests.

如果你有任何想法，请访问 weekendbirder.com，点击联系按钮留下你的消息。

If you have an idea, visit weekendbirder.com and tap on contact to leave a message.

特别感谢所有通过向朋友推荐、留下五星评分和评论、购买T恤等方式支持《周末观鸟者》的朋友们，你们做的这些都很棒。

A special shout out to everyone who's been showing their love for weekend birder by telling their mates, leaving a five star rating and review, buying a T shirt, you know, all that good stuff.

我深深感受到你们的支持，真心从心底感谢你们。

I feel so deeply supported by you all, and I just wanted to thank you from the bottom of my heart.

我很快再和你们聊。

And I'll speak to you again soon.