138 鸥燕（第二部分）——与克莱尔同行

你好。

Hi.

我是基尔斯蒂。

It's Kirsty here.

我通常会把《周末观鸟者》的节目控制在三十分钟以内，这样你就有足够的时间在一天内听完。

I usually keep Weekend Birder episodes under thirty minutes so that you've actually got time to finish them in your day.

在上一期节目中，我们听到了医生克莱尔·格林韦尔分享她对澳大利亚燕鸥的热爱，她帮助我们深入了解了这一类鸟类。

In the last episode, we heard from doctor Claire Greenwell who shared her love of Australian terns, and she really helped us get to know this group of birds.

从那以后，你们的留言如潮水般涌进了《周末观鸟者》的邮箱。

Since then, your messages have flooded into the Weekend Verder inbox.

所以这是第二部分，解答你们的问题。

So this is part two, your questions answered.

如果你还没有听，不妨回去重温上一期克莱尔的对话，然后再回到这里。

If you haven't already, you might like to go back to the previous episode and listen to Claire's chats, and then come back here.

好的。

Okay.

我们直接进入正题吧。

Let's jump straight in.

最常见的问题之一是关于腿的颜色。

One of the most common questions was about leg color.

有没有办法仅凭腿的颜色来可靠地区分不同的鹬类？

Is there any way to reliably tell turns apart by their leg color?

简短的回答是：有时对某些物种可以，但不能单靠这一点。

The short answer is sometimes with some species, but not on its own.

腿的颜色确实有帮助，尤其是在区分相似物种时。

Leg color can be helpful, especially if you're trying to work out the difference between similar species.

例如，白翅燕鸥在繁殖季节通常有鲜艳的红橙色腿，而小燕鸥的腿则多为黄色至橙黄色。

For example, fairy terns tend to have this bright reddish orange leg color in breeding season, while little terns usually have a more yellow to orange yellow color on their legs.

当你站在海滩上，眯着眼睛分辨两只非常小的白色鸟类时，这一点确实能帮上忙。

That can genuinely help when you're standing on a beach squinting at two very small white birds.

但光线、距离、沙子、泥浆、水，甚至角度，都可能让你产生误判。

But light, distance, sand, mud, water, and even the angle can all play tricks on you.

在繁殖季节，颜色会变得更加鲜艳，这又增加了一层复杂性。

And in breeding season, colors can intensify, which adds another layer.

所以我认为腿的颜色只是一个辅助线索，但并不是全部依据。

So I guess leg color is a supporting clue, but it's not the whole case.

你仍然需要观察喙的形状、体型、整体结构以及行为。

You still want to look at bill shape, size, overall structure, and behavior as well.

另一个常见问题是，幼鸟在外观或行为上与成鸟有何不同？

Another common question was how do juvenile terns differ in appearance or behaviour from adults?

克莱尔为我们提供了关于这个问题的答案。

Claire has come back to us with an answer about this.

我们可以观察多个方面来区分幼鸟和成鸟。

There are a range of things that we can look at to be able to distinguish juveniles from adults.

首先我要指出的是，在繁殖季节，成鸟通常呈现出非常光泽的外观，它们会努力展现最佳状态以吸引配偶，因此不仅喙和腿颜色鲜艳，羽毛也呈现出彩虹般的白色。

So the first thing that I'll point out is during the breeding season, the adults often have, you know, an extremely glossy appearance, they are trying to look good to be able to attract mates and so they're showing off their best features and often have a brightly coloured bill as well as brightly coloured legs and an iridescent white plumage.

相比之下，幼鸟则可能带有红褐色调，例如在 fairy tern 中，刚离巢后的幼鸟会在颈部出现红褐色领圈，背部肩羽的边缘呈红褐色，并具有典型的‘人字形’斑纹，这在 tern 类鸟类中很常见。

In contrast, the juveniles, they might have a rufous tone, so for example in fairy terns, within the first few weeks of fledging, those young birds, they actually will have a rufous collar, the margins of those feathers on the scapulas in the back, they're a rufous color and they have, you know, a characteristic chevron patterning which is pretty common in tern species.

它们的头顶也可能带有红褐色调，但随着年龄增长，在经历第一次换羽之前，这种红褐色会逐渐消失，不过仍会保留一定程度的V形斑纹。

They might also have a rufous tone to their crown but then as they start to get a little bit older, you know, before they've gone into their first moult that they will lose that rufous tone but you will still have that chevron patterning present to some degree.

当这些鸟度过第一个冬天后，外观又会有所不同。以白燕鸥为例，我们注意到它们的腿颜色较深，呈深棕色，喙也是深棕色，看起来像是在掉毛——前额呈白色，与部分黑色的头顶形成对比。而非繁殖期的成鸟外观又不一样，它们不再保留那身闪亮的羽毛，因为维持这种羽毛成本很高，没必要全年都保持漂亮。

Then once those birds go through their first winter, they will look different again so thinking back to a fairyturn, one of the things that we see in these birds is that they have quite dark legs, so a dark brown leg and they have a dark brown bill and they look like they're balding, so you know they've got quite a white forehead which is contrasted by a partial black cap and then you've obviously got a non breeding adult and they look different again so they're not retaining that beautiful iridescent plumage, you know it's expensive to maintain that plumage so they don't need to be looking good all year round.

你常常会发现它们的头顶有斑驳的黑色斑点，喙看起来有点脏，腿也不是繁殖期那种漂亮的橙色。

You'll often find that they have a speckled black cap, know their bill looks a bit dirty and their legs are not that beautiful orange that you see during the breeding season.

因此，它们的羽毛外观取决于所处的生命阶段。

So again depending on where they are in their life cycle depends on what their plumage looks like.

克莱尔发布了一篇Instagram帖子，展示了这些视觉差异，链接在节目笔记中。

Claire has put up an Instagram post to show you the visual differences and a link is in the show notes.

她的用户名是fairy.dot.tern。

You can find her at fairy dot tern, that's her username.

如果你访问克莱尔的Instagram账号，会看到一些令人惊叹的照片。

And if you visit Claire's Instagram account, you will see some incredible photos.

她绝对是询问如何拍摄燕鸥和其他海鸟的最佳人选。

She is definitely the right person to ask, what's your advice for photographing terns and other seabirds?

关于海燕，让我着迷的一点是它们极其流线型。

One of the things about terns that really appeals to me is that they are just so sleek.

你知道，当你有机会近距离观察并看到它们的行为时，它们真的很美。

You know, they're beautiful when you have the opportunity to get up close and actually see the behaviors.

它们非常有趣。

They're so interesting.

很多人对信天翁和海燕特别感兴趣，你知道，它们身上有很多令人着迷的地方。

You know, a lot of people are really interested in, you know, the petrels and the albatrosses and, you know, there's a lot of cool things to love about them.

但如果你曾经在海燕群栖地待过，天啊，你一定会被深深震撼。

But if you've ever spent turn if you've ever spent time at a turn colony, wow, you'll be absolutely blown away.

就像那里总是在发生着什么。

Like, there's just always something going on.

你知道，在那里度过时光简直太有趣了。

You know, it's it's an absolute hoot to spend time there.

所以你不可能不爱上它们。

So you can't help but fall in love with them.

我最早接触摄影是在高中，当时上过一个摄影课程，但之后并没有怎么继续，你知道，我一直都有相机，但直到读博士时才真正开始投入。

So my first, look at photography I guess was in high school, I did a photography unit but I didn't really do much with it after that, you know I had a always had a camera but you know I didn't really do anything until I got to my PhD.

然后，你知道，我开始思考该如何回答所有这些问题。

And, you know, I started to think about how was I gonna answer all of these questions.

我其中一个问题是：海燕吃什么？

One of the questions I had was, what do fairy terns eat?

而且，很明显，我当时就在一个鸟类栖息地附近工作，离得很近。

And then, obviously, you know, I'm working in a bird colony, very close.

而且，你知道，我仍然怀揣着这个梦想。

And, you know, I've I've still got this dream.

但我还没实现它。

I haven't done it yet.

你知道，一旦完成学业，就很难再回到自己的热情所在。

And, you know, once you finish studying, it's difficult to get back to your passions.

但我真希望能写一本关于海燕的书。

But I'd love to be able to write a book about the fairy chants.

我拍到了所有不同行为的照片，这样也能用图片来呈现这些内容。

I've got photos of all the different behaviors, so be able to be able to put that into pictures as well.

但我希望捕捉到这些行为。

But I wanted to capture that behavior.

我想了解这些鸟吃什么。

And I wanted to, you know, understand what the birds were eating.

于是我联系了一位当摄影师的朋友。

So I reached out to a friend who was a photographer.

他实际上拍的是房屋。

He actually photographed houses.

所以，你知道的，那并不是我需要的摄影类型。

So, you know, not not the type of photography that I needed.

但我还是问他，买相机有什么建议？

But, you know, I said, is your advice on buying a camera?

他给了我非常好的建议。

You know, he gave me very good advice.

我最后买了一台佳能7D Mark II，还配了一支1到400毫米的佳能镜头。

I ended up buying a it was a Canon seven d mark two, and I had a one to 400 millimeter Canon lens.

所以我的长焦变焦镜头都准备好了，但却完全不知道该怎么用。

So my telephoto zoom and so I was all set up to go and had no idea what I was doing.

于是我开始尝试学习如何拍摄这些鸟类。

And I set out to try and learn how I was gonna photograph these birds.

我遇到了一个女孩，她叫乔治娜·斯泰特勒，有人提到她举办过观鸟工作坊。

And I came across a girl, her name was Georgina Staitler, and, you know, there was mention of her doing a bird workshop.

于是我联系了她，她是一位热衷于保护的人士，我说：这就是我的问题。

And so I reached out to her and, you know, she's an avid conservationist and said, this is my problem.

我需要能够拍下这些鸟。

I need to be able to photograph these birds.

她收我为徒，我参加了她的一个工作坊，从此再也没回头。

And she took me under her wing and I attended one of her workshops and never looked back really.

我一开始就直接学习使用手动模式拍照。

I learnt to photograph straight away in manual.

开始尝试拍摄这些快速飞行的鸟类。

Set about trying to photograph these fast flying birds.

我可以告诉你，这非常困难，有几周时间我每天都去野外进行练习。

Well, I can tell you it was very difficult and I had a couple of weeks where I just went into the field and that was my practice.

所以我不得不练习对焦鸟类、抓拍照片，然后尝试识别鱼的种类，这个过程进行得还不错。

So, you know, I had to practice trying to focus on the bird, get the shot and then see if I could get an identification on the fish and that went pretty well.

于是我开始了正式的采样工作，在两个夏天里，我几乎把一整年的时间都花在了野外，专门观察海燕鸥，花大量时间记录飞回海燕鸥栖息地的猎物，以了解不同时间段的饮食是否存在差异。

So I then started the official sampling and so over two summers, you know, I think I spent probably a year of my life in the field literally just watching fairy terns, but, you know, spending a lot of time capturing the prey that was coming back to the fairy tern colony to understand was there a difference in the diets between time of day?

成年鸟的饮食与它们喂给幼鸟的饮食之间是否存在差异？

Was there a difference between what the adults were feeding on compared to what they were feeding their chicks?

不同地点之间是否存在差异？

Was there a difference between sites?

我观察了天鹅河的一个栖息地，那里靠近岸边，然后是一个近岸岛屿，再是一个离岸岛屿，从而研究了从近海到远海的生态梯度。

You know, I looked at a colony in the Swan River, which is close to shore, then a near shore island and then an offshore island, so looking across the seascape gradient.

在我的研究过程中，我拍摄了近一万条单独的猎物个体，并成为了一名鸟类飞行拍摄的专家。

I photographed nearly 10,000 prey items during my study, individual prey items, and I became an expert in birds in flight.

而且我真的很喜欢它。

And I honestly just love it.

我很难只是去湖边拍一只鸭子，那根本吸引不了我。

I find it so difficult to just go down to the lake and, you know, photograph a duck or, you know, just does not appeal to me.

我需要这种动态感，因为这就是我在鸟类摄影中一直从事的事情。

I need the action because, you know, that's what I've grown up doing in my bird photography pursuits.

是的。

Yeah.

我要说的是，练习，练习，再练习。

I would say practice, practice, practice.

我的第一个建议是，即使在你尝试拍照之前，也要先让鸟出现在取景框里并跟随它，这就是你应该开始的方式——只是跟随取景框中的鸟。我将快门按钮和对焦按钮分开，我使用的是后按钮对焦。

My first tip would be even before you even try and take a photo just get the bird in the field of view and follow it, so that would be the way you would start just follow the bird in the field of view I, have my shutter separate from my I've got a back button focus, so I have it separate from the focus.

我认为这是一个非常好的方法，可以避免浪费你的存储卡，因为有时候你试图拍照时，画面并不合焦，结果只拍到模糊的照片。

And I think that is a really good option to be able to, you know, not chew up your camera cards because, you know, sometimes you just will be trying to take photos and it's not in focus and you're just getting a blur.

但有了这个后按钮对焦，你就能更精准地对焦，尝试让鸟清晰入镜，并持续追踪它的移动。

But having that that button focus, you can really hone in, try and get the bird in focus, follow it around.

当你遇到合适的光线时，无论你追求的是什么，就抓住机会拍下来。

And then when you get into the right, you know, light whatever it is that you're looking for, get the shot.

在外面多加练习是最好的方法。

Being out there practicing is the best way.

你或许可以先从较大的鸟类开始，但這并不容易。

You could start on larger birds I guess maybe to start with but it's not easy.

我可以告诉你，我举办过一些鸟类摄影工作坊，带人们去澳大利亚一些最美丽的岛屿，拍摄海鸟，甚至像鲣鸟这样的大型鸟类。

I can tell you I've been running a few bird photography workshops and take people to some of some, you know, Australia's most beautiful islands and we're photographing seabirds and even larger species like your boobies.

人们真的很难拍好它们。

People really do struggle with them.

所以，请对自己有耐心。

So be patient with yourself.

如果你要去海鸟岛屿，并有机会拍摄这些不同的鸟类，我的一大建议是，一次只专注一种鸟。

And if you're going to a seabird island and you have the opportunity to photograph these different birds, I guess one of my big tips will be focus on one type of bird at a time.

我以圣诞岛为例给你说明一下。

So I'm just gonna give you an example from Christmas Island, for example.

圣诞岛上有许多值得拍摄的景象。

Christmas Island, there's lots going on.

你有军舰鸟。

You've got frigatebirds.

你有鲣鸟。

You've got boobies.

你还有红嘴热带鸟，你知道的，你想拍所有鸟，但最好只专注于白色鸟类或深色鸟类。

You've got tropic birds, you know, you want to photograph it all, just focus on either the white birds or the dark birds.

不要试图在两者之间切换，因为如果你一直在拍摄深色鸟类，你的白色部分就会过曝，反之亦然。

Don't try and switch between both because you're gonna blow your whites if you've been focusing on your dark birds and vice versa.

你知道，如果你一直在拍摄深色鸟类，画面就会曝光不足。

You know, you'll be underexposed, if you've been photographing dark birds.

所以，尽量专注于一种鸟类。

So, yeah, try and focus on one species.

专注于一种鸟类的另一个好处是，你真的会开始了解它们的行为。

And the other thing about focusing on one species is that you really will start to learn the behaviours.

我想，一旦你了解了这些不同的行为，奇迹就会发生。

And I guess that's when the magic merely happens once you know those different behaviours.

这就是为什么我能够拍到这么多令人惊叹的燕鸥照片。

And that's why I've been able to get so many amazing shots of the fairy terns.

但另一个能够理解鸟类行为、拍摄并提前规划镜头的例子是，我们在圣诞岛时，看到红脚鲣鸟飞回来，从地上叼起树枝。

But, you know, another example of being able to understand bird behaviours and getting shots and planning shots because you can get to that point where you actually plan for something was on we're on Christmas Island, and I could see that there were these red footed boobies coming in, picking sticks up off the ground.

我正从一个拐角处走过来。

I was sort of coming in around a corner.

光线从背后照射，它们的脚呈现出鲜艳的红色，而背景却是黑色的。

The light was behind so they were backlit and their feet were bright red but the background was black.

所以我想，就是现在了。

So I thought this is it.

这就是我要拍的画面。

This is the shot.

我要拍下这些鸟了。

I'm gonna get these birds.

所以我站在烈日下。

So I stood in the baking hot sun.

说实话，天气热得要命，但我心里清楚，我知道自己一定能拍到这张照片，而我真的拍到了。

Honestly, it was so hot but I could see in my mind that, you know, I was gonna get this photo and I've got it.

你可以在我的网站上看到。

You could see it on my website.

我想我可能在Instagram上发布过，它还入选了《鸟类生活》摄影奖的鸟类摄影作品集。

I think I might have posted it to Instagram and it was in my bird portfolio in the BirdLife photography awards.

你看到这只鲣鸟正在降落。

You've got this booby coming into land.

它的起落架放了下来，红色的脚蹼在暗色背景的勾勒下闪闪发亮，简直美极了。

It's got the landing gear out, red flippers flippers with the rim lighting in the dark background and, you know, it's just beautiful.

这确实很辛苦，但当你心中有这样一个愿景，最终还能把它捕捉下来时，那种成就感真是无与伦比。

And, you know, it was hard work, but how rewarding to see like, to have that as your the vision and then to be able to capture it.

这真的非常值得。

It's, you know, it's so rewarding.

克莱尔说，她对何时该拿相机、何时该只带望远镜有一套自己的理念。

Claire says that she also has a philosophy about when to take her camera and when to just take her binoculars.

当我探索新地方时，我最感兴趣的是了解鸟类的行为、学习它们的栖息地，只是身处其中，观察那里有什么。

So when I go exploring new places, the thing that I'm most interested in is, you know, understanding what the birds are doing, their behaviors, learning the habitat, just being in the habitat and seeing what's there.

所以我实际上很难带上相机。

So I actually struggle to take a camera with me.

我只是想身处栖息地中，观察鸟类，学习它们的叫声，做所有这些事。

I just wanna be in the habitat, looking at the birds, learning the calls, and doing all of those things.

所以我从不混杂我的乐趣。

So I don't I don't mix my pleasures.

要么是观鸟，要么是摄影。

It's either bird watching or photography.

我认为对很多人来说，他们可能会去观鸟时顺便带上相机，但对我来说，这会产生冲突，因为我喜欢观鸟的原因就在于——它是一种冥想形式，只是置身于环境中，放松身心，全然感受一切。

And I think for a lot of people, you know, they might go bird watching and take their cameras but like for me it is is a conflict because the thing I love about bird watching is just, you know, it's a form of meditation Just being in the environment and relaxing and taking it all in.

而如果你试图拍到照片，那你用的是另一套技能，在我看来，这就产生了冲突。

Whereas if you're trying to get the photo, you know, it's a different set of skills that you're using and it's to me, it just it's a clash.

也许如果你想学习，不妨试试只用望远镜观察鸟类。

Maybe if you're trying to learn, you know, have a go at just looking at birds with your binoculars.

如果你想拍照，那完全是另一回事。

And then if you wanna do the photography, that's a separate a separate thing that you do.

我的意思是，有些人喜欢这么做，因为他们不认识鸟类，想拍下照片留念。

I mean, you know, some people like it because they don't know the bird and they wanna be able to take the photo.

但如果你真的想拍出精彩的鸟类照片，那就干脆专门去拍照吧。

But I guess, you know, if you really wanna go out and get amazing bird photos, just just go and do that.

专心搞摄影就好。

Just focus on photography.

但如果你只是想出去享受观鸟的乐趣，那就专注于观鸟，带上望远镜好好看看。

But if you're going out to, you know, just enjoy your bird watching, maybe just focus on you know, take your binoculars, have a look.

是的。

Yeah.

你也许会随手拍一张。

And you might take a quick snap.

但试图同时做这两件事，我觉得有点困难。

But trying to do both, I think, is is a bit difficult.

再次感谢克莱尔成为《周末观鸟者》社区的一员，并抽出时间回答我们的问题。

Thanks again to Claire for being part of the Weekend Birder community and taking some more time out to answer our questions.

也非常感谢所有好奇并给《周末观鸟者》邮箱发送问题的朋友们。

And many thanks to everyone who was curious enough to send through their questions to the Weekend Birder inbox.

如果你仍然觉得辨识鸟类有难度，你并不孤单。

If you're still finding turns tricky, you are not alone.

它们值得你用心观察。

They reward attention.

你观察得越多，那些细微的差异就越会显现出来。

The more you look, the more those subtle differences start to reveal themselves.

希望这一期对你们有所帮助。

I hope this episode has been helpful for that.

我们下一期再见。

Speak to you in the next episode.