重播：喜鹊——与曼迪一起

嗨。

Hi.

我是基尔斯蒂。

It's Kirsty here.

现在是暑假，我很高兴与你们重温我们最受欢迎的话题之一——澳洲喜鹊。

It's currently the summer break, and it's my pleasure to share with you a revisit of one of our most requested topics, the Australian magpie.

早在第六集，博士。

Way back in episode six, Doctor.

来自西澳大利亚大学的曼迪·里德利分享了她对喜鹊的热爱，以及她团队对它们智力和行为的研究。

Mandy Ridley from the University of Western Australia shared her love of magpies and her team's research into their intelligence and behaviors.

重新聆听后，我意识到这一集如何帮助我更留意并更好地理解我 neighborhood 中的喜鹊。

Listening back, I've come to realize how much this episode has helped me notice and better understand the magpies that live in my neighborhood.

我希望它也能为你带来同样的效果。

I hope it does the same for you.

接下来是曼迪带来的喜鹊特别重播。

Here's the very special encore of magpies with Mandy.

我要向布努龙族人民致以敬意，他们是本播客录制所在地的传统守护者。

I would like to acknowledge the Bunurong Bunurong people who are the traditional custodians of the land on which this podcast is recorded.

我向过去的和现在的长者表示敬意，并将这份敬意延伸至所有聆听本播客的原住民和托雷斯海峡岛民。

I pay my respect to elders past and present and extend that respect to other Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people listening to this podcast.

欢迎收听《周末观鸟人》。

Welcome to Weekend Birder.

我是凯尔西·科斯塔，你的观鸟搭伴——双关语意在此。

I'm Kirsty Costa, your bird watching wing woman, pun intended.

鸟类学是研究鸟类的科学。

Ornithology is the scientific study of birds.

鸟类生态学是研究鸟类如何融入其生活环境，以及它们如何与其他生物共存的科学。

Avian ecology is the science of how birds fit into their environment in which they live and how they coexist with other organisms.

曼迪·里德利是鸟类生态学家，也是西澳大利亚大学生物科学学院的教授，该校位于珀斯的诺恩加族土地上。

Mandy Ridley is an avian ecologist and a professor of the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Western Australia, which is on Noongar Country in Perth.

从九岁起，我就对自然界产生了浓厚的兴趣。

Ever since I was nine, I had this fascination with the natural world.

我以前经常看

I used to watch a

很多

lot of

纪录片，读了很多关于动物的书，我真的很想参与其中。

documentaries and read a lot of books about animals, and I just really wanted to be involved.

所以当我九岁的时候，我想，就这样了。

So when I was nine, I thought, That's it.

我要成为一名生物学家，我非常坚定地认为这将是我未来的职业，因为我非常喜欢在外面、倾听和观察。

I'm going to be a biologist, and I was really determined that that would be my career because I just loved to be outside and listening and watching.

我在新西兰长大，而新西兰的本土哺乳动物很少。

I grew up in New Zealand, and in New Zealand, there's not many native mammals.

所以如果你想出去看动物，新西兰有很多美丽的鸟类。

So if you want to go out and look at animals, it's really a lot of beautiful birds in New Zealand.

因此，我最初的研究是关于鸟类的，之后就逐渐发展起来了。

So my first studies were on birds, and it just grew from there.

我目前的研究并不仅限于鸟类，但我的主要研究项目确实都是关于鸟类的。

I don't only do studies on birds, at the moment, but, yes, my main research projects are on birds.

我非常想了解是什么驱使动物做出这些行为，比如它们为什么跳舞，为什么有时唱歌而有时不唱，为什么它们会与某些动物互动而不与其他动物互动。

I really wanted to understand what made animals tick, you know, why they did the things they did, why they danced around, why they sung a lot sometimes and not others, why they interacted with some animals and not others.

我只是对它们身上发生的事情以及这些行为如何影响周围其他动物感到非常感兴趣。

I just was really interested in what was going on and how it affected the other animals around them.

所以我在学校选修了生物学。

So I took biology at school.

在学校的课程中，你只能学到大约15岁为止的综合科学，之后才能进行专业选择。

You can only do general science at school up until about 15, and after that you can specialize.

于是我专攻生物学，进入大学攻读生物学学位，因为我下定决心要走出去做研究、发现新事物，并希望将这些知识应用于保护工作，从而产生一些影响。

So I specialized in biology and I went to uni doing a biological degree just because I was really determined to go out there and do some research discover things and hopefully make a difference with applying that knowledge, I guess, to conservation outcomes.

曼迪在英国剑桥大学完成了她的博士学位，研究对象是阿拉伯噪鹛。

Mandy did her PhD at Cambridge University in The UK, and she researched the Arabian babbler.

这种鸟生活在以色列南部的沙漠地区。

This bird lives in the deserts of Southern Israel.

曼迪研究了阿拉伯噪鹛如何沟通并合作抚养幼鸟。

Mandy investigated how Arabian babblers communicate and work together to raise their young.

随后，她听说了另一种鸟——黑白噪鹛，它生活在非洲南部的卡拉哈里沙漠。

She then heard about another bird, the pied babbler, which lives in the Kalahari Desert in Southern Africa.

当我查阅书籍时，发现关于黑白噪鹛的研究几乎没有人做过。

When I looked into the books, hardly anything had been done on pied babblers.

所以我认为这是一个绝佳的机会，可以开始一些研究，探索关于合作的一些问题。

So I thought this was a wonderful opportunity to start something, to start some research and uncover some questions about cooperation.

于是我去了那里，在研究地点的沙漠中生活了大约一年，只为熟悉黑白噪鹛并赢得它们的信任。

So I went down there and I spent about a year living in the desert at the research site, just getting to know the pied babblers and getting them to trust me.

因为最终，我想做到能整天和它们一起行走，观察它们的日常生活，并在不因它们害怕我而干扰其行为的情况下收集数据。

Because ultimately what I wanted to do was to be able to walk with them throughout the day and observe their daily lives and collect behavior without, I guess, interference from them being frightened of me.

因此，我花了大约一年时间，让超过12个群体适应人类存在并进行彩色标记，那是二十年前的事了。

So it took me about a year to habituate and color mark over 12 groups, and that was twenty years ago now.

从那以后，这项研究就一直持续至今。

So it's been going ever since then.

我有很多合作者和研究学生在研究它们，我们有无数问题可以解答。

I've had a bunch of collaborators and research students working on them, and we have been Yeah, there's no shortage to the number of questions we can answer on them.

它们是非常迷人的小型鸟类。

They're really fascinating little bird species.

它们一个夏天可以繁殖多达四次。

They breed up to four times in a summer.

卡拉哈里沙漠的夏天极其炎热，因此它们如何适应这种高温并在严重干旱条件下仍成功抚育幼鸟，这非常令人着迷。

And the summers there are really, really hot in the Kalahari, so it's really fascinating how they manage to adapt to that heat and still raise their babies, even in some very severe drought conditions.

当我搬到澳大利亚后，很难频繁派学生去卡拉哈里，但我仍然希望继续开展合作研究。

And then when I moved to Australia, it was kind of hard to send students over to the Kalahari as often, but I still wanted to do cooperative research.

恰好在珀斯，这里有乌鸦，它们也生活在大型合作群体中，就像斑胸噪鹛一样。

And it so happens that here in Perth, there are the magpies, and they live in these large cooperative groups just like the pied babblers.

它们也像斑胸噪鹛一样在地面上觅食，这使得它们非常容易观察。

They also forage on the ground just like the pied babblers, which makes them really easy to observe.

如果它们一直待在地面上，你也能更容易地看到它们身上的环志。

You can also see their rings much easier if they're on the ground all the time.

乌鸦的绝佳之处在于它们非常善于互动。

And the great thing about magpies is they're wonderfully interactive.

它们并不太害怕人类，至少生活在城市区域的那些是这样。

They're not really afraid of humans, while the ones that live in the urban areas aren't anyway.

因此，不需要很长的适应期就能让它们习惯你的存在。

So it doesn't take a long period habituation to get them used to you.

因此，这是一个美丽、自然的新研究系统，丰富了我的研究兴趣。

So it was a beautiful, natural, new study system to add to my research interests.

物种是一群彼此之间比与其他任何动物群体更相似的动物。

A species is a group of animals that are more like each other than they are like any other group of animals.

亚种是物种内部因与群体其他成员在生理或遗传上产生差异而形成的群体。

A subspecies is a group within a species that has become physically or genetically different from the rest of the group.

这可能是因为它们生活在不同的地区。

This might be because it lives in a different area.

随着我观鸟知识的积累，我发现鸟类世界充满了各种物种和亚种。

As I've developed my bird watching knowledge, I've discovered that the bird world is full of species and subspecies.

例如，澳洲喜鹊是一个物种，它在全国各地有九个亚种。

For example, the Australian magpie is a species, and it has nine subspecies located around the country.

曼迪的研究一直聚焦于一个名为西澳大利亚喜鹊的亚种，它们生活在珀斯。

And Mandy's research has been focusing on a subspecies called the Western Australian magpie, which lives in Perth.

我们很容易区分雄性和雌性。

We can easily tell the male and female apart.

我认为东海岸的亚种可能没那么容易区分，但在这里的珀斯，雄性背部全是白色的，而雌性背部则是黑白相间的鳞片状图案。

I don't think it's as easy for the subspecies on the East Coast, but here in Perth, the male has a full white back, but the female has a scalloped black and white back.

所以主要是黑色，边缘有白色鳞片状斑纹。

So it's mostly black with white scalloping on the edges.

因此，辨别性别非常容易。

So it's really easy to identify the sexes.

然而，它们要到两到三岁才能长出完全成熟的羽毛。

However, they don't get that full established plumage until they're about two or three years of age.

所以有时幼鸟会被误认为是雌鸟，但区分幼鸟和雌鸟的方法是，幼鸟背部没有那种规则的鳞片状斑纹。

So sometimes the juveniles can be mistaken for the female, but the way to tell the juveniles and the female apart is that the juveniles don't have that regular scalloping on their back.

它们的背部只是黑白色块杂乱地混合在一起。

They've more just kind of got a a mash up of black and white on their back.

它们的喙非常锋利。

They do have a very sharp beak.

你可以通过喙的长度和颜色来大致判断乌鸦的年龄。

You can actually age magpies by their beak a little bit by how long it is and the coloring.

年长的个体喙部白色更多，我们有时会用喙部特征来识别个体，而无需给它们戴环，因为如果它们曾患过病，喙部会显示出痕迹。

So the older individuals will have more white on their beak, and we use the beak sometimes to ID individuals without having to put rings on them, because if they've had past illnesses, it does show up on their beak.

它们的喙上可能有一些凹陷或条纹，那是疤痕，我认为喙是它们与当地乌鸦争斗时的主要武器。

They might have a kind of humbly bit on their beak or some stripes where it's being scarred, And their beak is, I think, one of their big weapons in their battle was the ravens here.

它们的喙比乌鸦长得多，在与乌鸦的邻里争斗中，它们往往能取胜。

They've got a much longer beak than the raven, and they do tend to win those neighbourhood battles, I guess, with the raven.

通过持续的研究，曼迪和她的同事正在发现关于乌鸦的一些惊人发现。

Through their ongoing research, Mandy and her colleagues are discovering some amazing things about magpies.

你可能经常在本地公园看到一只乌鸦一边走路，突然歪头并停下不动。

You might often see in your local park a magpie walking along, then suddenly it will cock its head and freeze.

它在倾听地下的动静。

And it's listening to what's happening under the ground.

它有时会发起攻击。

And it does sometimes do a strike.

你会看到它迅速扑向地面，用喙刺入。

You'll see it just strike at the ground really quickly and stab at it with its beak.

这是它探测或听到地下的猎物，然后猛刺将其从地下挖出。

That's it detecting or hearing subterranean prey and then striking at it to pull it out of the ground.

因此，它的喙在刺穿泥土并挖出猎物方面非常有效。

So that beak is really effective at piercing the dirt and pulling the prey out.

语言的基础是一系列串联起来以表达意义的声音。

The basis of language is a collection of sounds that are strung together to create meaning.

曼迪花了相当多的

Mandy has spent quite a

职业生涯来研究动物群体如何相互交流并形成自己的语言。

lot of her career figuring out how animal groups communicate with each other and create their own language.

她发现，就像我们一样，喜鹊也能将声音组合起来进行交流。

And she's discovered that just like us, magpies can also combine sounds together to communicate with each other.

我想，它们的鸣叫是世界上任何鸟类中最复杂的之一。

I guess their song is some of the most complex of any bird in the world.

在澳大利亚，我们拥有世界上一些最出色的歌手，我想。

And in Australia, we have some of the most accomplished singers in all the world, I guess.

它不仅拥有如此复杂的歌声，还是一个非常出色的模仿者。

And not only does it have this really complex song, but it is also a really accomplished mimic.

在澳大利亚，我们常常认为琴鸟是著名的模仿者，大卫·阿滕伯勒在那部模仿电锯的纪录片中让它声名大噪。

In Australia, I think we often think of the lyrebird as being this very famous mimic, and David Attenborough made it famous in that documentary of imitating the chainsaw.

但喜鹊也会模仿。

But the magpies do it too.

它们经常模仿，但并不是所有的喜鹊都会。

They do it quite regularly, but not all of them do it.

目前，我们正在做一些研究，试图弄清楚这种模仿行为的目的是什么。

So at the moment, we're doing some research to try and discover what the point of this mimicry is.

这可能是一种质量的展示。

It might be kind of an advertisement of quality.

如果歌声是作为你作为潜在配偶质量的指标，那么加入这些环境噪音可能会提升你的吸引力。

If song was an indicator of your quality as a potential mate, then maybe adding in these environmental noises increases that quality for you.

然而，我们的一些鸟类会发出非常奇特的声音，我们不知道它们是从哪里学来的。

However, some of our birds do make really unusual sounds that we don't know where they got them from.

例如，我们的一只雌性鸟非常逼真地模仿了R2D2，还会说几个简单的单词。

For example, one of our females, she mimics R2D2 very effectively, and she does say a few human words as well.

是的。

Yeah.

因此，我们收集了喜鹊的基本叫声库，并研究了它们是否会将这些叫声组合起来，结果发现它们确实会。

So what we've done is we've collected a basic repertoire of calls from the MAGPIs, and we've looked at whether or not they combine those calls, and we found that they were.

它们拥有大约九到十个基本叫声。

They had a basic repertoire of nine or 10 sounds.

它们不仅将两个叫声组合在一起，有时还会组合三个叫声。

They were combining them together in strings of not just two, but up to three sounds together.

我们对此非常兴奋，因此希望通过播放实验来证明，通过将这些叫声组合在一起，会产生不同于单个叫声本身的意义。

We're pretty excited by this, and so we wanted to do playbacks to prove that by combining those calls together, it was creating a different meaning from just the calls alone.

这正是人类语言的特点。

And this is what human language is like.

当你把词语组合成句子时，其意义会不同于单个词语本身。

When you combine words together into a sentence, it carries a different meaning from just the words alone.

我的一名学生正在做这些播放实验，虽然我们尚未发表成果，但已有充分证据表明它们确实有效地组合了这些叫声。

A student of mine is doing those playbacks, and although we haven't published it yet, there's good evidence that they are effectively combining these calls.

比如将‘警报’、‘危险’、‘现在移动’、‘紧急移动’等组合起来，形成一种不同于单独‘警报’或‘现在移动’的反应。

It's things like alert, danger, move now, move urgently, combining them together to create a response that is different from alert by itself or move now by itself.

是的，我认为这是一个非常令人兴奋的领域，因为在其他物种中，人们已经发现它们会将两个声音组合在一起。

And, yeah, I think it's a really exciting area because in other species, they have found they combine two sounds together.

在喜鹊中，我们发现它们能组合多达三个声音，而且可能还会组合多种三声音组合，这实际上类似于人类语言中的句子。

In the magpies, we've found that they combine up to three, but also they might be combining multiple combinations of three, which effectively looks like what we'd call a sentence in human language.

天哪。

Holy moly.

我再也不会以同样的方式去听乌鸦了

I will never listen to a magpie in the

曼迪和她的团队还对乌鸦的其他类型智力做出了惊人的发现。

same way again.

曼迪和她的团队还对乌鸦的其他类型智力做出了惊人的发现。

Mandy and her team have also made some incredible discoveries about other types of magpie intelligence.

我们对乌鸦的智力做了相当多的研究。

We've done quite a bit of work on magpie intelligence.

在动物身上，我们称这为认知。

In animals, we call this cognition.

当我刚开始研究乌鸦时，我发现它们非常善于互动，而且一点也不怕新事物。

And when I first started working on the magpies, I noticed that they were wonderfully interactive and really not neophobic.

所谓怕新事物，是指它们不会对新物体感到恐惧。

Now what neophobic means is they don't have a fear of novel objects.

这对生活在城市环境中的鸟类来说是一个巨大的优势，因为它使它们能够探索平时可能见不到的东西，比如垃圾和人们丢弃的物品，从而利用新的食物来源。

So that's a real advantage for a bird living in an urban setting because it allows them to explore things that they might not usually see, you know, kind of rubbish and things that people leave out, and that allows them to exploit new food sources.

当我注意到这一点时，我觉得这是一个绝佳的机会来对乌鸦进行一项测试。

So when I noticed this about the magpies, I thought it would be really great to test an idea on them.

这被称为社会智力理论，其基本观点是：当你与他人共同生活并频繁交流思想时，你会获得更多信息，从而变得更加聪明。

It's called the social intelligence idea, and it basically suggests that when you are living with others and there's more exchange of ideas, you gain more information, so more intelligence.

于是我决定让我的研究团队——我的学生们和我——通过一系列测试来验证这一理论。

So I decided to test this on the magpies, not me, but my research group, so my students and I, by giving them a number of tests.

例如，其中一个测试是给他们呈现一块木头，上面有两个凹槽。

For example, one of the tests is when they're presented with a block of wood, it has two wells in it.

其中一个可能是深蓝色的，另一个可能是浅蓝色的。

One might be dark blue and the other might be light blue.

其中一个凹槽下面有食物奖励，另一个没有。

And one of them has a food reward under it and one doesn't.

如果深蓝色的是有奖励的，它们就必须记住始终选择深蓝色的凹槽，而不是浅蓝色的。

So if it's the dark blue, they have to remember to always pack the dark blue well and not the light blue well.

它们弄清楚这一点的速度，就是衡量其认知能力的指标。

And how quickly they figure that out is a measure of their cognition.

我们做的其他测试是把食物放在一个透明屏障后面，它们不能直接啄穿屏障去够食物，而是需要绕道从边缘绕过去。

And other tests that we've done on them is to put food behind a transparent barrier, and they have to not peck straight at the food through the barrier, but detour around the edge.

我们测量它们完成这一行为所需的试验次数。

And we measure the number of trials it takes for them to do this.

我们在野外对乌鸦进行这些测试。

We do it to magpies in the wild.

我们只是放下托盘，然后退后一步，是否互动完全由它们自己决定。

We just put down the tray and step back, and it's their choice to interact with it or not.

因此，我们对一群乌鸦进行了这项测试。

And so we did this on a magpie population.

我们对每一只成年乌鸦都进行了测试，总共获得了约80只成年乌鸦参与这些实验，我们发现了一个令人兴奋的趋势。

We did it to each adult, and in total, we got about 80 adults in our population doing these tests, and we found a really exciting trend.

不仅它们解决任务的能力差异很大——有些非常擅长，有些则很不擅长——而且还有一个明显的趋势：你所处的群体越大，解决任务的能力就越强。

Not only was there a big variation in their ability to solve the tasks, so some were really good at solving them and some were really not good, but there was a nice trend that the bigger the group you were in, the better you were at solving the tasks.

你解决任务的速度，基本上就是你智力的衡量标准。

The faster you solve a task is basically a measure of your intelligence.

因此，我们发现生活在大群体中的乌鸦比生活在小群体中的更聪明，这符合生物学中已存在多年的社会智力理论，而我们是首批在野生动物中证实这一点的团队之一。

And so those in bigger groups we found were more intelligent than those in smaller groups, and it fit this social intelligence idea that has been in biology for a number of years, and we were one of the first to prove it in a wild animal.

这真的令人兴奋。

So it was really exciting.

许多澳大利亚人了解乌鸦的原因之一是，它们能够在城市环境中茁壮成长，即城镇、城市和郊区。

One of the reasons that so many Aussies know about magpies is because they can thrive in urban environments, that is towns, cities, and suburbs.

公园绿地，那些全年保持湿润翠绿的美丽灌溉公园，对乌鸦来说非常理想，因为这能让土壤保持松软，便于它们用喙探入土壤觅食。

Well, the parklands, the beautifully irrigated parklands that stay nice and green all year round are very nice for the magpies because it keeps the soil soft, and it allows them to probe into that soil with their bill.

森林地区其实并不适合乌鸦栖息。

The forested areas, they're really not good magpie territory.

一旦进入灌木丛地带，你看到的乌鸦数量就会比在开阔、尤其是翠绿的区域少得多。

Once you get into bushland, you're not going to see as many magpies as if you were out in nice open areas, particularly green areas.

它们绝对不喜欢太潮湿的地方，最适合它们的是排水良好、肥沃且绿意盎然的公园。

They don't like it too swampy for sure, just nice well drained fertile green parks is their ideal place.

并不是所有乌鸦都会俯冲攻击。

So not all magpies swoop.

通常是雄性会俯冲，而且它们只在繁殖期才会这样做。

It tends to be the males that swoop, and they only swoop when they're breeding.

所以，当巢中有幼鸟时，它们最常俯冲。

So and mostly when there's nestlings in the nest is when they swoop.

它们俯冲的主要原因是感到幼鸟有危险，因此在警告你：远离我的孩子。

So the main reason they're swooping is because they feel like there's a risk to their young, and they're warning that point of risk, stay away from my young.

这是一种通过威胁展示来驱赶潜在捕食者远离该区域的方式。

It's just a way of getting a perceived predator away from the area by approaching them with a threat display.

在我们的群体中，大多数乌鸦并不会俯冲，因为它们认识我们。

In our population, most of the magpies do not swoop because they know us.

它们多年来每年都见到我们，知道我们不会伤害它们的幼鸟。

They've seen us every year for many years, and they know that we don't try and get their young.

但这只是基本的亲代抚育行为。

But it's just basic parental care behavior.

我觉得我的宝宝受到威胁了。

I feel like my babies are threatened.

我想让你知道。

I want to let you know.

我在这里。

I'm here.

走开。

Go away.

我的意思是，我们的研究表明，它们能够识别人类的声音。

I mean, our research has shown that they can recognize human voices.

因为我们经常见到它们，它们熟悉我们的声音，但并不认识随便走进公园的人的声音。

So because we see them regularly, they know our voices, but they don't know the voices of just anybody that wanders into the park.

我认为这种能力很有用，可以帮助它们区分哪些人对它们友好，哪些人可能构成威胁。

And I think this is a useful attribute to have to separate those that are friendly to you from those that might not be.

所以我们做了一个小实验，播放了它们熟悉的我们的声音和陌生人的声音。

So we did a little experiment where we played back our voices, which were familiar to them, and stranger voices.

我们录下了它们的反应，发现它们对我们表现出的警觉或戒备行为比对陌生人少。

And we videoed their response, and we found that they were less likely to show vigilant or alert behaviors to us than to strangers.

所以，它们不仅能识别彼此，还能识别熟悉和陌生的人类，这对生活在城市中的鸟类来说非常有用。

So not only can they recognize each other, but they can recognize familiar and unfamiliar humans, which is very useful for an urban living bird.

我的意思是，尽管听起来有点傻，但这是一种高度依赖声音交流的物种，经常使用鸣叫沟通。

I mean, as silly as that sounds, this is a highly vocal species that uses vocal communication regularly.

所以，当你在公园里说‘早安，喜鹊’时，这类信息它们是会记住的。

So doing something like when you say in the park, Good morning, magpies, you know, this is going to be information they retain.

喜鹊对高温敏感，它们的生存正受到气候变化的影响。

Magpies are sensitive to hot weather and their survival is being affected by climate change.

但好消息是，你可以做一些事情来帮助它们保持健康，尤其是在夏季。

But the good news is that there are things that you can do to help them stay healthy, especially during summer.

你能为当地的喜鹊做的最好的事情就是为它们提供一些水。

The best thing you can do for your local magpies is to leave out some water for them.

但不要放太多水，否则可能导致它们溺水。

Now not a deep amount of water because that could lead to drowning.

只需放置浅浅的水盘，就能在这些炎热的日子里帮助喜鹊降温，带来巨大益处。

Just shallow dishes of water is really of huge benefit to magpies to allow them to cool down on these very hot days.

遮荫对许多野生动物至关重要，我们的某些研究确实关注了不同领地的多样性，那些它们可以寻求庇护和遮荫的区域在炎热的日子里对它们非常重要。

Shade is really crucial to a lot of our wildlife, and indeed some of our research was looking at the heterogeneity of different territories, and those areas where they can seek refuge and shade is really important to them on hot days.

因此，拥有良好遮荫且土壤不干燥的后院至关重要，这样喜鹊才能挖掘土壤，因为它们真正需要的是从自然环境中获取无脊椎动物作为食物，而不是人类提供的肉类或奶酪等人工食物。

So backyards that are established have a good amount of shade and soils that aren't dry so that the magpies can dig into them is vital because they really need that natural invertebrate food rather than provision food like meat or cheese from humans.

它们真的需要从地面上获取这些无脊椎动物。

They really need to get those invertebrates from the ground.

这些才是它们自身以及幼鸟所需的营养。

That's the nutrients that they need and the nutrients that their babies need.

因此，最好的方式是拥有一个灌溉良好、遮荫充足并提供水源的花园。

So the best thing is a well irrigated garden with a lot of shade and some water available for them.

曼尼已经观鸟三十多年了，她想给我们这些观鸟者的主要建议是：我们需要记住保持耐心。

Manny has been birdwatching for over three decades, and the main advice that she wants to give us fellow birdwatchers is we need to remember to be patient.

因为如果你只是安静地坐一会儿，倾听和观察，动物们对你的反应会好得多。

Because animals respond so much better to you if you just sit quietly for a while and listen and observe.

如果你频繁走动，它们就不会靠近你。

If you're moving around too much, they won't come as close to you.

它们不太可能进行展示，无论是鸣叫还是视觉展示。

They're less likely to do their displays, be it vocal or visual.

对它们来说，你所处的环境是一个潜在的捕食者所在。

For them, they're living in an environment where you're a potential predator.

所以，如果你只是静静地坐着观察，它们逐渐熟悉你之后，精彩的事情就会在你眼前展开。

So if they get to know that you're not just by you sitting still and watching, then fascinating things start to unfold in front of you.

对我来说，这就像每天观看一部小小的戏剧、一部电视剧。

I guess for me, it's like watching a little drama, a TV drama every day.

它们都有自己独特的个性。

They all have their own personalities.

有些喜鹊非常大胆，有些非常调皮好玩，还有一些就是懒得理人。

There's some magpies that are incredibly bold, some that are really cheeky and playful, and some that are just over You know?

它们懒得与其他同伴互动。

They can't be bothered interacting with the others in the group.

它们只想去休息。

They just want to go and rest.

所以对我来说，每天的乐趣就在于观察它们个性的展现，以及它们如何互相照顾、彼此包容。

So for me, every day, it's just the joy of watching their personalities play out and how they look after each other and tolerate each other.

我只是

I just

我觉得这永远都充满趣味。

think it's endlessly entertaining.

我非常感激曼迪花时间与我们分享她的知识。

I am so grateful that Mandy took the time to share what she knows with us.

她对研究、鸟类和动物智力的热情极具感染力。

Her passion for research, birds, and animal intelligence is infectious.

你可以访问 weekendbirder.com，查看本集的链接，了解更多关于喜鹊的信息。

You can find out more about magpies by visiting weekendbirder.com and checking out the links for this episode.

如果你有一分钟的时间，请帮助我们订阅这个播客并留下评价，让更多人也能爱上观鸟。

If you've got a minute, help us out by subscribing to this podcast and leaving a review so that other people can get into bird watching too.