SMARTY Q: What makes hair curly???

大家好，欢迎来到SmartyPants和Smarty家庭。

Hey, SmartyPants and Smarty families.

你有没有听过《WhoSmarted》，然后心想：我也想做个播客？

Have you ever listened to Whosmarted and thought, I'd love to make a podcast too?

现在，你真的可以了。

Well, now you can.

跟我一起，作为你们信赖的旁白，还有《WhoSmarted》的联合创始人亚当·特克·戴维斯，来教你们我们是怎么制作节目的，让你也能做出自己的播客。

Join me, the trusty narrator, and Whosmarted co creator, Adam Tex Davis, as we teach you exactly how we make our show so you can make your own.

你会学到怎么想出好点子，录下自己、朋友或家人的话，剪辑节目，添加音乐和音效，甚至把你的播客发布出来，让亲友们都能听到。

You'll learn how to come up with your own great ideas, record yourself or your friends and family, edit your episode, add music and sound effects, and even publish your very own podcast for your friends and family to hear.

已经有超过300个家庭加入了《WhoSmarted》播客训练营，像你一样的SmartyPants们，已经做出了关于希腊神话、超级英雄、电子游戏、恐怖内容、恶心玩意儿等等各种精彩的节目。

Over 300 families have already joined Whosmarted Podcast Camp, and SmartyPants just like you, have created amazing shows about Greek mythology, superheroes, video games, scary stuff, yucky stuff, and lots more.

不管你是不是真想当个播客主。

It doesn't matter if you want to become a podcaster.

在播客训练营里，你一定会玩得特别开心，还能学到好多实用的技能。

You're gonna have so much fun in podcast camp learning so many great skills.

这些创意技能你以后多年都会用得上，特别适合炎热的夏日午后或者下雨天不能出门的时候。

These are creative skills that you'll use for years, and it's perfect for those hot summer afternoons or rainy days when you're stuck inside.

现在正是加入的最佳时机，因为我们的夏季促销正在进行中。

And right now is the best time to join because our summer sale is on.

从现在到7月15日，播客营享五折优惠。

From now until July 15, Podcast Camp is 50% off.

更棒的是，只要你报名，播客营就永久属于你，你可以按自己的节奏慢慢学。

Even better, once you sign up, Podcast Camp is yours forever so you can learn at your own pace.

你可以这周就开始，也可以下个月，或者等你准备好了再开始。

And you can start this week, next month, or whenever you're ready.

而且你不是一个人在战斗。

Plus, you're not on your own.

你会加入我们的播客营社群，Tex和我都会亲自回答你的问题。

You'll be part of our Podcast Camp community where Tex and I answer your questions.

我们还会每月举办线上直播问答，你可以直接视频提问。

And we even host live monthly q and a sessions so you can ask me questions live on video.

如果你曾经想过要做自己的播客，或者只是好奇我们是怎么做的，那就来跟制作《WhoSmarted》的团队一起学习吧。

If you've ever dreamed of making your own podcast or you just wanna learn how we make ours, come learn from the people who make Whosmarted.

访问 whosmarted.com，在七月十五日夏季促销结束前点击进入 Podcast Camp。

Visit whosmarted.com and click on podcast camp before the summer sale disappears on July 15.

就是 whosmarted.com，点 Podcast Camp 就行。

That's whosmarted.com and click podcast camp.

到时候见。

See you there.

嘿，聪明的小家伙。

Hey there, SmartyPants.

这里是你们熟悉的旁白 narrator。

Trusty narrator here.

准备好了吗？又一轮《SmartyQ》来了——你的问题，就是我的作业。

Ready for another round of SmartyQ, where your questions become my homework.

今天我要回答一些关于头发、黄蜂、星星，还有深海里不会被水压压扁的鱼的问题。

Today, I'm answering questions about hair, wasps, stars, and fish that don't get squished by all that water pressure in the ocean.

天啊。

Oh, boy.

咱们开始开脑洞吧。

Let's get smarting.

第一个问题来自匹兹堡的科拉，她问：为什么有人的头发是卷的、波浪的，或者直的？

Our first question comes from Cora in Pittsburgh who asks, what makes people have curly hair, wavy hair, or straight hair?

问得真好。

Excellent question.

这主要取决于你毛囊的形状。

The answer mostly comes down to the shape of your hair follicles.

毛囊是皮肤里微小的口袋，每根头发都从这里长出来。

Hair follicles are tiny little pockets in your skin where each strand of hair grows.

如果毛囊是圆形的，头发通常会长得笔直。

If a follicle is very round, the hair tends to grow straight.

如果毛囊稍微呈椭圆形，头发就常常会呈波浪状。

If the follicle is slightly oval shaped, the hair often grows wavy.

如果毛囊更弯曲或扁平，头发就更容易卷曲。

And if the follicle is more curved or flattened, the hair is more likely to grow curly.

你的基因，也就是从父母那里继承来的遗传指令，决定了毛囊的形状。

Your genes, the instructions you inherit from your parents, help determine the shape of your follicles.

发丝本身的结构也很重要。

The shape of the hair strand itself matters too.

卷发在生长过程中会自然扭转，而直发则生长得更均匀。

Curly hairs tend to twist as they grow, while straight hairs grow more evenly.

所以，不管你的头发是直的、波浪的、卷曲的，还是介于其间，都要感谢你的毛囊和基因。

So whether your hair is straight, wavy, curly, or somewhere in between, you can thank your follicles and your jeans.

下一个问题是来自加拿大安大略省多伦多的雅各布提出的，他是个特别有礼貌的年轻人，他问：黄蜂是怎么筑出那么坚固的巢的？

Our next question comes from Jacob, a super polite young man from Toronto, Ontario, Canada, who asks, how do wasps make super duper strong nests?

好问题。

Great question.

如果你还不知道的话，黄蜂可是非常厉害的建筑师。

In case you didn't know, wasps are amazing builders.

很多种黄蜂用一种类似昆虫做的纸来筑巢。

Many kinds of wasps make their nests out of something that's basically insect made paper.

下面是具体过程。

Here's how.

黄蜂会啃咬树木、围栏和树枝上的木头碎片。

The wasps chew bits of wood from trees, fences, and branches.

然后把木屑和唾液混合在一起。

They mix those wood fibers with their saliva.

也就是黄蜂的唾液。

You know, wasp spit.

混合后会形成柔软的纸浆状物质。

The result becomes a soft papery pulp.

接着，黄蜂把这种物质铺成薄层，让它自然干燥变硬。

The wasps then spread that material into thin layers that dry and harden.

一层一层叠加起来，最终建成既坚固又轻便的蜂巢。

By adding layer after layer, they create nests that are surprisingly strong and lightweight.

有些黄蜂巢能经受住大雨、强风和数月的户外风吹日晒。

Some wasp nests can survive heavy rain, strong winds, and months of outdoor weather.

第三个问题来自华盛顿伊萨夸的索菲亚，她问：为什么人们洗澡时喜欢唱歌？

Our third question comes from Sofia in Issaquah, Washington, who asks, why do people sing in the shower?

这是个很棒的问题。

Another great question.

原因之一是浴室里满是瓷砖、镜子和陶瓷这类坚硬的表面。

One reason is that bathrooms are full of hard surfaces like tile, mirrors, and porcelain.

声音碰到这些表面会反射，产生回声和混响，让人的嗓音听起来更饱满、更圆润。

When sound bounces off those surfaces, it creates echoes and reverberations, also known as reverb, that make your voice sound fuller and richer.

换句话说，浴室就像一个迷你音乐厅。

In other words, the bathroom is kind of like a tiny concert hall.

另一个原因是，人们洗澡或泡澡时通常会感到放松。

Another factor is people tend to feel relaxed while showering or taking a bath.

身体暖暖的，很舒服，也不会被学业、工作或家务分心。

You're warm, comfortable, and usually not distracted by school, work, or chores.

当人们放松又开心的时候，就更愿意唱歌、吹口哨，或者编些搞笑的小曲儿。

When people are relaxed and happy, they're more likely to sing, whistle, or make up silly songs.

所以，如果你洗头的时候觉得自己像个摇滚明星或流行歌手，那你绝对不是一个人在战斗。

So if you've ever felt like a rock or pop star while shampooing your hair, you are definitely not alone.

好的。

Okay.

三个有趣的问题，三个精彩的回答。

Three cool questions asked and three cool questions answered.

不过，在短暂的广告之后，我们还会带来更多让人好奇的问题。

But we've got more curious questions on the way right after this quick break and a word from our sponsors.

大家好，Whosmarted的家人们。

Hey, Whosmarted families.

这里是Trusty。

Trusty here.

你们认识我。

You know me.

我一直为大家带来事实、故事和那些疯狂的科学知识。

Always here with the facts, the stories, the wild science.

今天，我要特别向你们推荐一套书。

And today, I have an extra special book series to introduce you to.

来认识一下这些侦探吧。

Meet the investigators.

曼戈和布拉什是两只鳄鱼特工，他们穿梭在城市下水道里，打击犯罪，破解各种奇妙古怪的谜案。

Mango and Brash are two alligators' secret agents who travel through the city sewers to fight crime and solve the most wonderfully weird mysteries.

如果你喜欢我们在每期《WhoSmarted》里抛出的双关语和搞笑桥段，那你一定会爱上这套书。

If you love the puns and silly humor we throw at you on every episode of Whosmarted, you're gonna feel right at home.

这简直就是把《WhoSmarted》的风格搬到了漫画小说里。

It's basically Whosmarted energy in graphic novel form.

全球销量已经超过四百万册。

Over 4,000,000 copies have been sold worldwide.

四百万。

4,000,000.

现在这个系列已经有九本书了，还出了一本特别版，外加一部衍生作品。

Now there's nine books in the series, a special edition, and a spin off.

如果你喜欢一口气读完一整套书，那这套书简直就是为你准备的礼物。

So if you plow through books, this is basically a gift.

最新一案《调查者：是否》刚刚上市，作者是约翰·帕特里克·格林，故事里整座城市的供水系统都被换成了牛奶。

And the newest case just dropped, Investigators Whether or Not by John Patrick Green, where the city's water supply has been replaced with milk.

雨水变成了绿色，猴子科学家们正在到处制造混乱。

The rain is turning green, and monkey scientists are causing chaos.

赶紧去你家附近的书店、图书馆，或者在线平台，把《调查者：是否》带回家吧。

So grab your copy of Investigators, whether or not, at your local bookstore, library, or online today.

好了，我们回到SmartyQ。

Now back to SmartyQ.

下一个问题是来自阿米莉亚的提问：我们平时用来喝水和洗澡的水，是怎么被净化后才从水龙头流出来的呢？

Our next question comes from Amelia who asks, how does the water we use for drinking and bathing get cleaned before it comes out of our faucet?

哎呀，我们还在浴室里呢。

Oh, we're still in the bathroom.

好问题。

Great question.

水在到达你家之前，通常会先送到水处理厂。

Before water reaches your home, it usually goes through a water treatment plant.

首先，水会从河流、湖泊、水库或地下含水层等源头收集起来。

First, water is collected from sources like rivers, lakes, reservoirs, or underground aquifers.

然后经过好几道净化流程。

Then it goes through several cleaning steps.

大型筛网会把树枝、树叶和其他大块杂物过滤掉。

Large screens remove sticks, leaves, and other large debris.

微小的颗粒会被聚集成团，方便后续清除。

Tiny particles are clumped together so they can be removed.

接着，水会通过沙子和砾石等特殊材料进行过滤。

The water is then filtered through special materials such as sand and gravel.

最后，还会进行消毒，杀灭有害的细菌和微生物。

And finally, it's disinfected to kill harmful germs and bacteria.

之后，干净的水会通过成千上万英里的地下管道，最终到达你的水龙头。

After that, the clean water travels through miles and miles of underground pipes until it reaches your faucet.

所以每次你打开水龙头，用的都是经过一套复杂而精密处理的水。

So every time you turn on the tap, you're using water that has gone through a pretty impressive and extensive cleaning process.

下一个问题是来自宾夕法尼亚州韦恩的朱利安问的：为什么星星的大小不一样？

Our next question comes from Julian in Wayne, Pennsylvania, who asks, why are stars different sizes?

它们是怎么形成和消亡的？

How do they grow or die?

会不会也有星星变小？

And do some shrink?

真了不起。

Wow.

这可是个相当宏大的宇宙问题。

That is one big cosmic question.

星星之所以大小不同，是因为它们诞生时所含的气体量不一样。

Stars come in different sizes because they begin with different amounts of gas.

你知道吗，恒星是在巨大的氢气云中形成的。

You see, stars form inside giant clouds of hydrogen gas.

有些云团的物质足够形成小恒星，而另一些则能诞生比太阳大上百倍的恒星。

Some clouds contain enough material to create small stars, while others create stars hundreds of times larger than our sun.

随着恒星年龄增长，它们的体积也会发生变化。

As stars age, they change size.

有些恒星会膨胀成巨大的红巨星。

Some stars actually expand and become enormous red giants.

另一些则会耗尽燃料，向内坍缩。

Others eventually run out of fuel and collapse inward.

小恒星最终可能变成致密的白矮星，而大恒星则可能以超新星爆发的方式结束生命。

Smaller stars may end their lives as dense objects called white dwarfs, while huge stars can explode in gigantic events called supernovas.

是的，有些恒星在生命末期会急剧收缩。

And, yes, some stars do shrink dramatically near the end of their lives.

恒星在其漫长的一生中始终在变化，有些能存活上百亿年，最后才渐渐暗淡下去。

Stars are constantly changing throughout their incredibly long lifetimes, some living for billions of years before finally fading away.

好的。

Okay.

我们马上要回答最后一个问题了，这涉及到一个令人费解的海底谜团。

We're down to our final question, and it involves a baffling underwater mystery.

在广告之后，我们会马上揭晓答案，感谢我们的赞助商。

We'll find out what it is right after this quick ad break and a word from our sponsors.

欢迎回到《SmartyQ》。

Now back to SmartyQ.

我们最后一个问题是来自威斯康星州和加利福尼亚的露娜提出的：如果水压这么强大，为什么鱼不会被压扁？毕竟它们的身体比金属脆弱多了。

Our final question comes from Luna in Wisconsin and California who asks, if water pressure is so powerful, how is it that fish don't get crushed, especially since their bodies are much more delicate than metal?

问得真好，露娜。

Excellent question, Luna.

答案是，鱼的身体大部分都是水。

The answer is fish are mostly made of water themselves.

水在压力下很难被压缩，所以鱼体内的水能平衡外部的水压。

Water doesn't compress very much under pressure, so the water inside a fish helps balance the water pressure outside the fish.

你可以这样想。

Think of it this way.

如果压力从各个方向均匀地作用在物体上，这个物体并不会被压扁。

If pressure is pushing equally on all sides of an object, that object doesn't necessarily get squished.

许多深海鱼类还进化出了适应极端压力的特殊身体结构。

Many deep sea fish are also specially adapted for life under tremendous pressure.

它们的身体通常没有容易被压垮的大型充气空间。

Their bodies don't often contain large air filled spaces that could collapse.

有些深海鱼类生活在数千英尺深的海底，那里的压力足以压碎人类甚至潜艇。

Some deep sea fish live thousands of feet below the surface under pressures that would easily crush a human or even a submarine.

所以，虽然鱼看起来很脆弱，但它们其实完全适应了自己生活的水下环境。

So while fish may look delicate, they're perfectly designed for the watery world they live in.

这也就到了本期《SmartyQ》的结尾。

That brings us to the end of another episode of SmartyQ.

如果你有一个有趣又好奇的问题，想让我来解答，可以请大人帮你发邮件到 who'ssmarted@who'ssmarted.com，我会很乐意把它加入我的《SmartyQ》问题清单。

If you've got a cool and curious question that you'd like me to answer, have a grown up help you email me at who'ssmarted@who'ssmarted.com, and I'll happily add it to my SmartyQ list.

咱们下期再见，继续动脑筋，小聪明鬼。

Until next time, keep on smarting, smarty pants.