如何加速学习 & 改善教育 | Joe Liemandt

在美国我们都相信这一点，而且确实有例子支持这个10分的模式。

We believe this in America, and there are examples to support the 10 model.

但这并不完全正确。

It's not totally true.

对吧？

Right?

并不完全正确。

It's not totally true.

我上过一所竞争非常激烈的公立高中，我们班上有几个体育天才。

I went to a very competitive public high school, and there were some phenoms in my class at sports.

有一对双胞胎，乔和约翰·坎农。

Pair of twins, Joe and John Cannon.

大家可以去查查他们。

People can look them up.

其中一个成了圣何塞地震队的守门员。

One became a goalie for the San Jose quakes.

另一个在高中时投球速度超过一百英里每小时。

The other one had a 100 mile plus fastball in high school.

我忘了他是为哪个队效力的。

I forget who he played for.

可能是水手队或者别的什么队。

Maybe it was the mariners or whoever.

但不管怎样，他是一名职业投手。

But, anyway, he was a he was a pro pitcher.

他们的弟弟，科尔特·坎农，开始玩滑板。

Their younger brother, Colt Cannon, picked up a skateboard.

八个月后，他有了自己的职业款滑板，或者他加入了某个队伍，然后有了职业款。

Eight months later, he had a pro model or he was on a team, then he had a pro model.

也许不是八个月那么快，但那个家族确实有点特别，对吧？

Maybe it wasn't eight months to that, but there's something going on in that family, okay?

而且他们在学业上也很出色。

And they were good at academics.

对。

Yeah.

但他们中没有人成为，我敢说，斯坦福的教授，但他们可能本来可以，但我们不知道。

But none of them became, dare I say, professors at Stanford, but they probably could have, but we don't know.

所以我们有这样一个模型，在体育方面，基因起一定作用。

So we have this model that like in sports, some genetics plays a role.

对。

Yeah.

家族血统也起作用。

Family lines play a role.

我们现在对这种讨论已经比较接受了。

We're kind of okay with that conversation now.

对。

Yeah.

但你可以成为任何你想成为的人。

But you can become anything.

这是最高的标准。

That's the highest standard.

你可能会告诉我，最有效的做法介于两者之间，因为有时候我们得考虑现实情况。

Somewhere in between is probably what you'll tell me is most effective, because we have to put reality into the picture sometimes.

对。

Yeah.

但支持这件事对我来说完全是个谜，因为我们知道零是什么，对吧？

But the support thing is the one that's completely opaque to me, because we know what the zeros are, right?

自己解决问题，自己做早餐，自己去上学，这不是支持。而另一种支持是，我试图介入，为你做所有事情。

Figure it out on your own, make yourself breakfast, get yourself to school, that's not And support, then the other one is, I'm gonna try and get in there and do everything for you.

我替你去爬那块石头。

I'm gonna climb the rock for you.

我替你做作业。

I'm gonna do your homework for you.

我们知道这也不好。

And we know that's not good.

我们还没有真正明确什么是真正有用的支持，并且把它标准化。

We haven't really defined clearly what real, truly useful support is, and standardized that.

所以也许你可以丰富我们的思考，看看它可能是什么样子，或者你认为它应该是什么样子。

So maybe you could enrich our thinking about what it might look like or what you think Great, it looks

我觉得那是一个很好的框架。

and I think that's a great framework.

我们先从体育方面说起，然后再转到其他方面，因为这是已经改变的事情之一。

Let's do the athletic side and then we'll throw it over because that's one of the things that's changed.

我们提供支持的方式，或者说实际的训练，我。

How we provide support or actually the training, I.

嗯。

E.

教育和指导已经发生了巨大的变化，这让我们在学术上也能达到体育水平。

Educating the instruction is what's dramatically changed, which lets us get athletic level in academics.

所以在体育方面，对吧，我们确实知道。

So in athletics, right, we do know.

我们知道身体条件是有局限的。

We know there are physical constraints.

你也有你的故事。

You have your story.

我女儿上初中的时候说，我要成为世界上最棒的排球运动员。

My daughter in middle school was like, I'm going to be the world's best volleyball player.

我要在斯坦福打首发，我要去那里。

I'm going to start for Stanford and be there.

这激励了她。

And it motivated her.

每天下午都驱使着她。

It drove her every afternoon.

她一直在练习。

She's practicing.

等她上了高中一年级，她说，我身高就是不够。

When she became a freshman in high school, she's like, I'm just physically not tall enough.

我打不了我的位置。

I can't play my position.

四年后，斯坦福根本不可能因为这个让我进去。

Four years from now, there's no way Stanford's gonna let me in on that dimension.

所以虽然她变得很优秀，但她的天花板也就到那儿了。

And so while she had gotten very good, sort of the limit of her frontier.

所以我们相信，身体条件确实会限制你的上限。

And so we believe there are physical limitations that map your frontier.

但在体育方面，我们其实知道怎么帮你达到那个上限。

But in athletics, we actually know how to get you to the frontier.

这就是差距，也是为什么在美国我们这么重视体育，因为我们有一套训练体系，能把孩子带到那个水平。

That's the delta and that's why we do so much via athletics in America because we have a training system that gets kids there.

我们不会说，嘿，尽力就好。

We don't say, hey, do your best.

我希望你成为一个好的篮球运动员或高尔夫球手。

I hope you become a good basketball player or golfer.

你不会看YouTube视频就觉得自己现在是世界最佳高尔夫球手了。

You don't watch YouTube videos to be like, oh, I guess I'm the world's best golfer now.

你有教练，我们有训练方法，能帮你达到那个水平。

You have coaches and we have training that is going to get you there.

我们知道怎么教，对吧？

And we know how to deliver it, right?

我们知道怎么指导，对吧？

We know how to instruct it, right?

你不会让孩子加入一个运动队，然后他们说，对，我们这里做探究式训练，不教你们，就让你们自己摸索，这在很多学校里很常见。

You wouldn't have your kid go on a sports team where they're like, yeah, we do inquiry training here where we don't teach you, we just let you productively struggle and figure it out yourself, which is something we do a lot in schools.

那不是教人运动的好方法，对吧？

That's not an effective way to teach somebody, right, a sport.

你会说，教我怎么挡拆，给我一步步的指导，给我需要的指令，这样我才能做得更好。

You're like, show me how to block, give me the step by step, give me the instruction you need so that I can do this better.

这样我就能完美地打好这个位置。

So I play this position perfectly.

尼克·萨班就是说，照我说的做。

Nick Saban is like, do what I say.

打好你的位置。

Play your position.

在学术方面，区别在于我们有一个老师站在教室前面，而这位老师只能给所有人提供中等水平的指导。

On academics, the difference was we have a teacher in front of a classroom, and the teacher in front of the classroom has to just give the median instruction to everybody.

想象一下，你足球队里的所有不同球员都得到完全相同的指导。

Imagine all the different players on your football team are all getting exactly the same instruction.

你会说，嗯，四分卫和外接手需要的东西不一样。

You're like, well, the quarterback needs something different than the wide receiver.

但老师就坐在那里，必须给每个人，25个、30个，不管多少，完全相同的指导。

But the teacher just sits there and has to give everybody 25, 30, however many it is, the exact same instruction.

这就是现在的不同之处。

And that's what's different now.

如果你想想，为什么我们有受教育的途径，却没有普及的学习。

If you look at why do we have access to education, but not universal learning.

我们实现了普及教育，但并没有实现普遍的学习效果。

We have universal access, but not universal learning.

这是因为孩子们需要个性化的指导。

It's because kids need individualized instruction.

对，要落实到每个具体的个人身上。至少在我读高中时，某些科目是有荣誉课程的。

Right down to the true individual, because at least in my high school, we had honors track for certain things.

所以课程是分层次的。如果某方面特别擅长，就可以上荣誉英语或荣誉数学，然后你们就会

So it was tiered a little bit that if people were really, really proficient at something, you'd get into honors English or honors math, and you would just kind

和那些表现更好的孩子在一起。

of be among kids that were better performing.

平均水平发生了变化。所以个性化辅导，想想柏拉图和苏格拉底、亚里士多德、亚历山大大帝。

The mean shifted So individualized tutoring, think back Plato and Socrates, Aristotle, Alexander the Great.

个性化辅导是最好的模式。

Individualized tutoring is the best model.

一对一的模式是最好的模式。

A one on one model is the best model.

师徒制，也就是学徒和导师的模式，那才是最好的模式。

A mentorship model, an apprentice mentor, that is the best model.

但这种模式成本太高，所以一百年前，当你想让所有人都能接受教育时，你不可能给每个人都配一个一对一的老师。

It's not cost effective, which is why a hundred years ago when you like have to get it to everybody, you're like, why can't give everybody an individualized one?

所以三十比一的比例，就是当时社会能承受的极限了。

And so 30 to one was like what societies could afford.

家长们衡量学校好坏的第一标准就是班级规模，越小越好，因为大家都想追求一对一。

The number one thing parents measure schools on is class size and smaller is better because you're trying to get to one.

所以二十比一比三十比一好，十比一又比二十比一好，五比一又比十比一好，而一对一就是最好的。

And so 20 to one is better than 30 to one, ten to one is better than 20 to one, five to one is better than ten and one to one is the best.

说到在家教育，我知道现在很多人对它感兴趣，但并不是所有人都能负担得起。

In terms of homeschooling, because I know there's a lot of interest in that now, but not everyone can afford it.

那关于在家教育的效果，数据是怎么说的呢？

What did the data say about the outcomes for homeschooling?

那些孩子表现好吗？我是说，按照什么标准来衡量呢？

Do those kids do well and on, I guess on what standards?

在家教育完全是两极分化的，关键就在于他们是为了高标准而进行在家教育，还是不是。

Homeschooling is totally bimodal, which is, are they homeschooling them for high standards or not?

有很多在家教育的家长会说，我不喜欢标准化考试。

And there's a lot of homeschoolers who are like, I don't like standardized tests.

我不喜欢标准化的课程。

I don't like the standardized curriculum.

我拒绝整个那套体系。

I reject that whole system.

所以那些人在任何类似的测试中表现都很差。

And so those people do very poorly on anything like that.

那些学生所掌握的学术水平非常低，因为家长基本上放弃了学术，说，我们只关心生活技能。

The level of academics that those students know is very low because the parents have basically abandoned that and said, care all about the life skills.

对于真正重视学术的家长来说，那些孩子表现非常出色。

For parents who really care about academics, those kids crush it.

有前教师在家一对一教育自己的孩子，他们能做得比学校好得多。

You have ex teachers homeschooling their kids in a one on one environment and they can do it dramatically better.

不过，即使在家上学，社交方面还是有价值的，而且因为我们的学校既有高标准又有生活技能，我们其实有很多在家上学的孩子来报名，他们说，哇，这就是我一直在找的教育体系，因为我既能得到学术上的高标准，又能有下午的生活技能课程，我以为只有在家上学才能得到这些。

Now, there's still value even homeschooling, socialization, and because we have these high standards and the life skills at our schools, we actually have a bunch of homeschoolers who come who say, wow, this is the schooling system I was looking for, because I get both the high standards on the academic side but then all the afternoons of these life skills that I thought I'd only get via homeschool.

你想要一对一的教学，这就是关键。

You want to get to one on one and that's the magic.

那我们继续聊这个，因为我们还没谈到学术方面。那是什么突破让我们能够改变五十年前、一百年前的教育呢？

So let's go on this because we haven't talked about the academic side And what is the breakthrough that allows us to change education from fifty and one hundred years ago?

学习科学，有一个完整的学习科学领域，对吧？

So learning science, there's a whole field of learning science, right?

认知负荷理论，认知科学。

Cognitive load theory, cognitive science.

有一篇80年代的著名论文，布卢姆的“两个西格玛”研究，他说，如果给每个孩子一个一对一的导师，让他们达到精通的水平，孩子们的学习效果可以达到两个西格玛，对吧？

There's a famous paper from the 80s, Bloom's Two Sigma program where he's like, if you give an individual tutor to mastery level, kids can learn at Two Sigma, right?

两个西格玛，就是前2%的水平。

Two Sigma, it is top 2%.

我们能让每个人都达到这个水平。

We could get everybody.

所以当你谈到前沿时，他基本上是在说，今天可以让每个人都达到前2%的水平。

So when you talk about the frontier, he's basically claiming you can get everybody to the top 2% performance today.

前提是动力要足。

Assuming high levels of motivation.

对。

Correct.

其实大家常常忽略的是“掌握”这个部分。

Mastery is actually the part everybody forgets about on that.

如果有个老师，但不是基于掌握来教，那也达不到前2%。

If you have a tutor that's not mastery based, you won't get the top 2%.

一个西格玛来自老师，另一个西格玛来自掌握。我们之前也提过，在体育上我们都接受掌握，但在教育上我们却明确拒绝它。

One Sigma came from the tutor, one Sigma comes from mastery, which once again, we'll talk about, we all accept mastery in athletics, but we reject it, explicitly reject it in education.

而且这两者缺一不可。

And you actually need both.

你需要个性化的教学，并且要达到掌握的程度，才能获得那样的表现。

You need individualized instruction at a mastery level to get that performance.

现在有了成本效益高的AI导师，你可以给每个孩子提供完全量身定制的课程，让他们达到精通水平。

And now with AI tutors at cost effectively, you can give every kid perfectly tailored lessons at their level for them at a mastery level.

这就是神奇之处，能让孩子学习速度快10倍。

And that is the magic that then allows kids to learn 10 times faster.

在我们的学校里，当我们说我们是学术表现最好的学校时，我们是前1%。

In our schools, when we talk about we're the best academic performing school, we're top 1%.

我们每天只花两个小时。

We do it in two hours a day.

我们普通学生不会坐在教室里六个小时然后做作业。

Our average student does not sit in class for six and do homework.

他们坐在AI应用前，每天花两个小时。

They sit at an AI app and they spend two hours a day.

去年，普通孩子在这些应用上花了121分钟，学到的知识比坐在教室里六个小时加做作业多两倍以上。

The average kid spent 121 minutes last year in the apps and learned more than 2x what they would have in sitting in class for six and doing homework.

所以当你只看这些标准，根据班级等情况，速度是正常的5到10倍，因为你每天只有两个小时而不是六个小时加作业，而且你的表现还超过了他们，这有多厉害。

So when you just look at those standards, it's depending on the class and stuff between five and 10x normal speed, because you have six hours a day in homework versus two, and you're performing at a level that's exceeding them, how much

普通学生的学习效果能提升两倍。

the average student learns by 2X.

你能给我们多描述一下这个孩子用一百二十一分钟学习的具体情况吗？

Could you enrich the picture in our minds a bit of this kid for one hundred and twenty one minutes?

简单说说他们主要在做些什么。

Just the top contour of what sorts of things they're doing.

是有人脸在教他们，还是文字提示？

Is it a human face that's teaching them, or is it text prompts?

具体是什么样的？

What does it So look

首先，要明确一点，当人们想到AI时，通常会想到聊天机器人。

the first, just to be really clear on this, when people think AI, chatbots.

但这不是聊天机器人。

It's not chatbots.

如果你把一个聊天机器人放到普通学校里，90%的孩子会用它来作弊。

If you take a chatbot and put it into a standard school, 90% of the kids use it to cheat.

不管你在哪个年级都一样。

It doesn't matter what grade level you're at.

我记不清是哪位常春藤教授出了一场他亲自监考的期末考试，对吧？

I can't remember which Ivy League professor gave a final that he made in person, Right?

他亲自监考，结果几乎所有人都觉得有两个人不及格。

He made an in person final and literally everybody felt like two people failed the exam.

他们完全就是在用ChatGPT写论文。

They're just chat GPT ing their papers up.

他们根本不读书。

They're not reading books.

他们直接拿ChatGPT的摘要来用。

They're getting chat GPT summaries of them.

现在还有一股推动禁止这些东西的浪潮。

And there's a whole push to ban them and things like this.

你知道，在AI学校里，如果使用不当，就像任何技术一样，它们也可能带来坏处。

You know, while we're at AI school, used incorrectly just like any technology, they can be bad.

你应该这样想：你已知的知识是你学习新知识的基础。

Here's how you wanna think about it is what you know is the basis of what you can learn.

所以，先打好基础，然后在这个基础上继续构建，这一点至关重要。

And so being able to have a foundation and then building on that foundation is critical.

如果给我的材料太难了，对我来说就是太难了，你就算一直给我，我也学不会，不管是在我的世界还是你的世界。

And so if I am in material that's too hard, and it's just too hard for me, you can give it to me all day long and I'm not going to learn it back in my world or your world.

如果你给我一份医学院入学考试，我连卷子上的单词都不认识。

If you gave me an MCAT, I don't know the words on the page.

你可以告诉我要有毅力，要有成长型思维，或者随便你说什么。

You can tell me to have grit or growth mindset, or you can tell me whatever you want.

我都不可能通过那个考试。

I'm not going to pass that test.

你需要把我拉回到大一生物的水平，告诉我，你就在这个水平，然后从那里开始帮我提升，这样我才能做到。

And you need to roll me back to freshman bio and say, that's where you are, and then build me up from there to be able to do that.

这就是我们当前教育体系的问题所在：我们给八年级学生教八年级的内容，因为八年级老师按规定就该这么教。

And that's the problem in our current education system today, is we are taking eighth graders and we are delivering them eighth grade content because that's what an eighth grade teacher does by law.

他们得站起来，把八年级的内容教下去。

They need to stand up and deliver the eighth grade content.

你看看数据，教室里有些学生其实需要上七年级，有些是六年级，有些是五年级。

If you look at the stats, we have people who need to be in seventh grade in that classroom, sixth grade, fifth grade.

因为疫情，甚至有些学生需要上四年级和三年级。

Because of COVID, you even have some who need to be in fourth and third grade.

因为那些学习损失，他们根本没学会，对吧？

Because of all that learning loss that happened, they never learned it, right?

有些孩子在三四年级的时候就没学会阅读。

We have kids who didn't learn how to read in third and fourth grade.

天哪。

Oh my goodness.

所以现在我们还在纳闷为什么所有成绩都在下滑。

And so now we're wondering why all the curves are going down.

其实很简单，因为他们上八年级，老师就教八年级的内容，但从来没人教过他们怎么阅读。

It's like, well, because they're in eighth grade and they're being told eighth grade content and no one ever taught them how to read.

还有别的，比如说到降低标准，他们取消了背诵乘法表。

Or other things when you talk about lower standards, They took away memorizing your multiplication tables.

阅读科学、教自然拼读，他们取消了一些基础内容，这些基础到了高年级，对孩子来说，真的会要命。

Science of reading, teaching phonics, they took away some of the basics that as you get into higher level grades, as a kid, it just kills you.

他们当时这么做的理由是什么？

What was the rationale behind doing that?

这背后有很多争议，关于为什么会发生这种情况。

That gets into a lot of debate around why that happened.

我觉得没有一个明确的答案。

I don't think there's a clear answer.

我认为归根结底，他们没有意识到这有多重要。

I believe at the end of it, they didn't realize how important it was.

比如学习科学，如果你跟普通老师聊聊，再看看教育学院教的是什么，认知负荷理论，对吧，还有认知科学，以及这些东西是怎么运作的，并不是课程的主要内容。

Like the science of learning, if you talk to your average teacher and you look at what's it taught in schools of education, cognitive load theory, right, and cognitive science and how all this works is not a main part of what the curriculum is.

所以这些老师根本不知道。

And so these teachers don't know.

比如，我们刚在开学前开了教职工大会，所以我有几百名老师在场。

Like, we just had our staff days before school starts, so I have hundreds of teachers.

这些老师可是全世界最棒的，对吧？

These are the best teachers in the world, right?

我们是全国老师都抢着来的地方。

We're the employer of choice for teachers around the country.

然后我问，你们有多少人学过直接教学法，就是这些概念之一？

And I was like, how many of you guys like learn direct instruction, which is one of these concepts?

你知道，只有5%的人举手。

You know, 5% raise their hand.

有个叫“跟进计划”的项目，是70年代的一个大项目，可以说是史上最大规模的教育研究，专门研究怎么教孩子最有效。

There's this project follow through, a big project in the 70s that was like the largest educational study ever about effective ways to teach kids.

我问，你们有多少人在读硕士的时候读过“跟进计划”？结果一个都没有。

I was like, how many of you guys like read project follow through, like when you're getting your masters and like none.

所以，休斯顿学区有个很厉害的老师，她后来成了我们的Alpha Guide。

And so there was, a big teacher in Houston School District and she came in, she's an Alpha Guide now.

然后她，我在员工日之后看到了一条推特。

And she, I saw a Twitter post after the staff day.

她说，听乔的六小时演讲，我学到的东西比拿硕士学位甚至博士学位时学到的还多，而我还有世界上最棒的学习科学团队帮我学习。

She's like, I learned more in listening to Joe's six hour presentation, which I have the world's best learning science team who helps educate me as well.

听乔讲六个小时关于孩子如何学习的知识，比我拿硕士甚至博士学位时学到的还多。

I learned more in six hours of listening to Joe about how kids learn than I did getting my master's or even my PhD.

就是那个课程，我们没有那些知识，我们需要有。

Just that curriculum, we don't have that knowledge and we need to.

我们需要解决这个问题，现在没有。

We need to fix that, it's not there.

难道没有给老师用的教科书吗？

Is there not a textbook for teachers?

我的意思是，如果有人想成为神经科学家，或者只是拿个神经科学学位，他们会读利奇和洛写的《神经生物学原理》，或者《神经科学原理》，以前是坎德尔、杰瑟林、施瓦茨写的，好像还有别人，但每个人都会读那些书。

I mean, like if somebody wants to become a neuroscientist, or even just get a neuroscience degree, they read the book Principles of Neurobiology by Leech and Lo, or Principles of Neuroscience, which used to be by Kandel Jessalyn Schwartz, I think there's someone else on there, but like everyone gets those books.

你从伯特尔·希尔那里学电生理学，从斯特赖尔那里拿生物化学书。

You learn electrophysiology from Bertol Hill, you get the biochemistry book from Stryer.

这些书到处都在用，所以不管你在州立大学还是哪里，或者你在斯坦福，基本上所有人一开始都是用同样的教科书来学习的。

Like these are the books used everywhere, so that it doesn't matter if you're in a state university and wherever, or you're at Stanford, pretty much everyone is educated at the front end from the same textbooks.

对。

Correct.

所以你可以去参加一个大型国际会议，大家基本上都理解动作电位是怎么回事。

So you can go to a big international meeting and like everyone understands more or less the action potential.

教育就不是这样。

Education is not that.

所以我们的教育体系不是基于事实的，这听起来很疯狂，但全国最好的教育学院之一的院长，在谈论教育中事实的地位时，放了一张伽利略受审的图片，他说这是一场宗教战争。

So our educational system is not fact based, which seems crazy, but there's a dean of a school of education for one of the best schools in the country who when he was talking about the status of facts in education, put up a picture of Galileo's trial where he's like, this is a religious war.

这不是一场基于事实的审判。

This isn't a fact based trial about these things.

背后有很多证据。

There's a lot of evidence behind it.

比如就拿加州大学系统来说。

Like take the UC system.

关于加州大学系统是否应该使用标准化考试，存在很大的争议。

There's a huge debate on whether the UC schools should use standardized tests or not.

标准化考试到底有没有帮助？

And do standardized tests help?

它们是不是好事？

And are they good things?

为了进入

To get

还是为了继续学习？

in or to progress through?

为了进入。

To get in.

嗯，还有关于学生是否应该通过标准化考试才能高中毕业的问题。

Well, there's whole things of should kids have a standardized test to get out of high school?

高中毕业时，你是否应该通过一项考试？

To graduate high school, should you be able to pass a test or not?

这就是个争论点。

And that's a debate.

这不是什么事实。

That's not like a fact.

现在，当你在录取学生进入大学时，有一种观点是，我们应不应该要求标准化考试？

Now, when you're letting someone into your university, there's a view of should we require standardized tests?

大概有2000名教授，我记得不太清楚具体数字，但差不多2000名教授表示，对，我们应该用这些考试。

2,000 professors, I think, I don't know exactly what it was, but 2,000 professors are like, yeah, we should use these.

但校董会投票决定，不，我们不用这些考试。

But the Board of Regents voted, Yeah, no, we're not gonna take them.

围绕这件事做的任何决定都不是基于事实的。

Whatever decisions are being made around this stuff is not a fact based decision.

这是观点。

It's an opinion.

就是说，我关心的是不同的目标。

It's, I care about different goals.

我是在追求学术以外的东西。

I'm trying to optimize on something besides academics.

学校的目标不是学术。

The goal of a school is not academics.

当你审视教育时，这真的是一件很复杂的事情。

When you look in education, it's a really complicated thing.

学校的目的到底是什么？

Is the purpose of a school?

培养一个孩子意味着什么？

What is developing a child?

学术重要吗？

Does academics matter?

所以当你想到这些基本的事情，比如，孩子乘法表学得吃力，而我担心他的心理健康，所以我就告诉他别担心。

So when you think of these basic things like, well, the kid was struggling on his multiplication tables and I was worried about his mental health, so I just told him don't worry about it.

你知道，然后你会想，那对他学代数真的会有影响。

You know, and you're like, well, that's really gonna hurt him to learn algebra.

他代数肯定学不好。

He's not gonna do well at algebra.

就像那些在家上学的，我不在乎学业成绩，或者学校里的家长也一样。

It's like the homeschoolers, I don't care about academics or there's parents at schools.

在教育领域，尤其是在当校长期间，我学到的一件事就是，首先，我对所有办学校的人都抱有极大的同情。

And one of the things I've learned in education, especially in being principal of school is, first of all, I have massive empathy for everybody running these schools.

所以，我在奥斯汀看到，我们正在关闭一批学校，对吧？

So, I was watching in Austin, we're like closing a bunch of schools, right?

很多公立学校正在关闭，因为它们的学业标准不达标。

A lot of public schools are closing and it's being closed because it's not hitting academic standards.

连续五年，都失败了。

Five years in a row, it's failed.

真的就是没教好这些孩子。

It just literally is not teaching these kids.

这些八年级学生，阅读水平连三年级都达不到。

These are eighth graders who can't read at the third grade level.

所以州政府和学区就说，我们得关掉这所学校，把孩子们送到能教他们知识的学校去。

And so the state and the school district's like, we need to close school and put the kids in a school that teaches them.

然后有个妈妈特别生气，对吧？

And there's a mom who's just furious, right?

她在会上说，我不在乎那些。

And she's at the meeting and she's like, I don't care about that.

我在乎的是我大女儿上七年级的时候，有个老师叫ABC，对吧？

What I care about is my older daughter in seventh grade had teacher ABC, right?

那个老师特别棒，改变了她的人生。

Had this great teacher who changed her life.

我希望我的小女儿也能遇到那个老师。

And I want my younger child to have that same teacher.

就算他们数学不好，那也无所谓。

And if it means they're not good at math, whatever.

而政府的规定，公立学校系统就是，我们出钱是为了让他们在学业上接受教育。

And the rules of the government, the government school system is we are funding this to educate them on academics.

如果你是学校的负责人，家长的要求就完全不一样了，他们会说，我不在乎那些。

Parents demands are very different if you're the head of the school, your parents are saying, well, I don't care about that.

现在，我相信你能做得更好，能兼顾所有事情，但根本上，为什么加州大学系统会说，是啊，我不知道，我们不打算采用标准化考试。

Now, I believe you can do better and do it all and those kinds of things, but fundamentally, why is the regions at UC saying, yeah, I don't know, we're not gonna take standardized tests.

有两千名教授这么说。

2,000 professors say it.

也有一批教授说不要这么做。

There's also a bunch of professors who say don't do it.

你会陷入所有这些关于学校角色的争论，然后这些争论就悬而未决。

You get into all these debates on what the role of school is and then that's in the air.

然后即使是学习科学，探究式学习与直接教学之间的争论，在教育领域也是一个巨大的宗教式话题，争论哪种更好。

And then even the learning science, inquiry learning versus direct instruction is a huge religious work around education on which is better.

所以这些就是为什么事情不那么明确的原因。

And so those kind of things are why it's not obvious.

这也是作为新进入这个领域的一部分。

It's also part of being new into the space as coming in.

我的神奇之处，也是Alpha备受关注和讨论的原因，就是我们教孩子的速度能快五到十倍。

Part of my magic is, and part of why Alpha is getting all this hype and talk is, we're teaching kids five to 10 times faster.

有一系列学习科学的研究，结果已经摆在那里了。

There is a set of learning science that The the results results are there.

还有一系列学习科学，我们正在证明以前无法实现的东西，人们会说，哇，如果那真的是真的。

And there's a set of learning science that we're proving that hasn't been able to be implemented before that people are like, wow, if that's really true.

所以为什么这么多优秀的学习科学家来和我们合作，就是因为他们看到这些数据，然后说，天哪。

And so why were all these great learning scientists are coming and working with us is they're looking at this data, and they're like, holy cow.

这些数据是突破性的，以前我们做不到。

This data is breakthrough level that we couldn't do before.

对。

Mhmm.

是的。

Yeah.

我想快速休息一下，感谢我们的赞助商AG1。

I'd like to take a quick break and acknowledge our sponsor AG1.

AG1刚刚推出了他们的最新配方，叫做AG1 Pro。

AG1 just launched their newest formulation called AG1 Pro.

现在首次订阅还可以享受额外20%的折扣。

And right now you can get an extra 20% off your first subscription.

AG1在原有经过临床验证的配方基础上，也就是维生素、矿物质、益生菌和适应原的混合物，新增了三种重要成分：一水肌酸、钙HMB和锌肌肽。

AG1 takes the clinically backed AG1 formula, which is a blend of vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and adaptogens, and adds three important new ingredients, creatine monohydrate, calcium HMB, and zinc carnosine.

它含有五克一水肌酸，有助于增强肌肉力量和表现，同时促进大脑健康；钙HMB有助于肌肉恢复，减少肌肉分解；锌肌肽则有助于支持和改善肠道内壁。

It has five grams of creatine monohydrate to support muscle strength and performance along with brain health, calcium HMB to support muscle recovery and reduce muscle breakdown, and zinc carnosine to support and improve the lining of your gut.

其中有些成分我以前是单独服用的，没有包含在AG1配方里。

Some of these ingredients I personally was already taking separate from the AG1 formula.

所以现在看到这三种成分都出现在新的AG1 Pro中，我觉得很棒。

So it's great to see all three of them now in the new AG1 Pro.

你可能知道，我每天服用AG1已经大约十四年了。

As you may know, I've been taking AG1 every single day for about fourteen years now.

也就是说，我早在知道播客是什么之前就已经发现并开始每天服用它了。

That means I discovered it and started taking it daily long before I even knew what a podcast was.

我一直在服用它，并且在这个播客里推荐它，因为它确实是个很棒的配方。

I continue to take it and back it here on the podcast because it is an excellent formula.

现在有了AG1 Pro，效果更好了。

And it's now even better with the AG1 Pro formula.

限时优惠，你去drinkag1.com/huberman，输入优惠码back to routine，首单订阅就能额外享受八折优惠。

For a limited time, you can get an extra 20% off your first subscription to AG1 Pro by going to drinkag1.com/huberman and using the code back to routine.

注意，是数字2，back数字2 routine。

So that's with the numeral two, back numeral two routine.

直接访问drinkag1.com/huberman就行。

Just go to drinkag1.com/huberman.

今天的节目还要感谢Helix Sleep的赞助。

Today's episode is also brought to us by Helix Sleep.

Helix Sleep的床垫和枕头会根据你的个人睡眠需求来定制。

Helix Sleep makes mattresses and pillows that are customized to your unique sleep needs.

我之前在很多播客里都说过，睡个好觉是心理健康、身体健康和表现的基础。

Now I've spoken many times before on this and on other podcasts about the fact that getting a great night's sleep is the foundation of mental health, physical health, and performance.

如果我们长期睡不好，那所有事情都会受到影响。

When we aren't getting great sleep on a consistent basis, everything suffers.

而当我们睡得好、睡得够的时候，心理健康、身体健康以及各方面的表现都会明显提升。

And when we are sleeping well and enough, our mental health, physical health and performance in all endeavors improve markedly.

你睡的床垫对每晚的睡眠质量影响很大，床垫的软硬程度都会影响舒适度，需要根据你的个人睡眠需求来调整。

Now the mattress you sleep on makes a huge difference in the quality of sleep that you get each night, How soft it is or how firm it is all play into your comfort and need to be tailored to your unique sleep needs.

如果你去Helix的网站，可以做一个两分钟的简短问卷，它会问你一些问题，比如你是仰睡、侧睡还是趴着睡？

If you go to the Helix website, you can take a brief two minute quiz and it will ask you questions such as, do you sleep on your back, your side or your stomach?

也许你知道，也许你不知道。

Maybe you know, maybe you don't.

你晚上是容易觉得热还是觉得冷？

Do Do you tend to run hot or cold during the night?

类似这样的问题。

Things of that sort.

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You answer those questions and Helix will match you to the ideal mattress for you.

对我来说，那款床垫就是DUSK，D-U-S-K。

For me, that turned out to be the DUSK, D U S K mattress.

我已经睡DUSK床垫四年多了，这绝对是我睡得最好的一次。

I've been sleeping on a DUSK mattress for more than four years now, and it's been far and away the best sleep that I've ever had.

如果你想试试Helix，可以访问helixsleep.com/huberman，做那个两分钟的睡眠测试，Helix会为你匹配一款定制的床垫。

If you'd like to try Helix, you can go to helixsleep.com/huberman, take that two minute sleep quiz and Helix will match you to a mattress that's customized for you.

现在Helix全站最高打27%的折扣。

Right now, Helix is giving up to 27% off their entire site.

Helix还和TrueMed合作，这样你就可以用HSA或FSA账户里的钱来购买Helix获奖的床垫了。

Helix has also teamed up with TrueMed, which allows you to use your HSA, FSA dollars to shop Helix's award winning mattresses.

再说一次，访问helixsleep.com/huberman就能享受最高27%的折扣。

Again, that's helixsleep.com/huberman to get up to 27% off.

说到科学和科学的发展，化学、生物学、物理学，它们都有过一段我称之为“教育”的时期，那时候会有各种争论，就像伽利略的审判那样，对吧？

When you think about science and the development of sciences, chemistry, biology, physics, they had times, which I'd call like education, where there's debates and it's Galileo's trial, right?

一切都还不确定。

It's unsure.

医生们还在给人放血、漂白。

Doctors are bloodletting and bleaching people.

这真是个不错的主意。

This is really a good idea.

颅相学。

Druffening.

然后你就会想，哦，颅相学。

And you're just like, oh, phrenology.

对，不，就是那个人，他说要这么做。

Right, no, like that's the guy and he's saying to do it.

就像你现在这样，有一点——

The same way you're There's like a little bit

——那种情况现在仍然存在。

of that going on now still.

还没定论。

It's unsettled.

在每一个这样的领域里，都发明了一种仪器或技术，彻底改变并影响了那些科学。

Now, in each of those, there was the invention of an instrument, and a technology or an instrument that radically changed and inflected those sciences.

比如显微镜，对吧？

So the microscope, right?

光学显微镜、望远镜、化学、分析天平，你就不用担心把自己炸了。

The light microscope, the telescope, chemistry, the analytical balance, you didn't blow yourself up.

这些都影响了那些科学。

Those inflected those sciences.

现在，在教育领域，AI第一次让我们能够进行更精细的测量。

And now for the first time with education, AI allows us to get, it allows that finer measurements.

那些工具带来的就是更精细的测量，对吧？

What those allowed was finer grain measurements, right?

显微镜让我能看到细胞，对吧？

The microscope, it let me see cells, right?

我就想，哦，我开始明白这是怎么回事了。

I'm like, oh, I'm starting to understand this, of how this works.

AI因为是一对一的，所以给了我们一个数据回路，这在学习科学里，在教育界，从来没有人有过，而我们有了。

AI, because it's on a one to one basis, is giving us a data loop that nobody in learning science, no one in education has ever had, And we have it.

这是一个闭环。

It's a closed loop.

正是这个神奇的数据回路，让我们在教育上取得了五到十倍的提升，因为这就是我们的显微镜，我们的望远镜。

And that magical data loop is what's allowing us to get the five to 10 times improvements in education because it's our microscope, it's our telescope.

但这不是聊天机器人能做到的。

Now it's not a chatbot, that's not getting you that.

但如果你为每个孩子生成个性化的课程，我们退一步说，一个老师在教室里上课是什么样的？

But if you generate a personalized lesson for every kid, let's step back and say, what's a teacher in front of classroom?

老师在教室里上课的问题在于，数据太杂了，对吧？

The problem with teacher in front of classroom is it's so dirty, right?

你的数据，你的效应量，是由随机的课堂因素决定的，而不是学习科学。

Your data, your effect size is driven by random classroom elements, not the learning science.

所以，如果我提出一个学习科学的想法，然后交给一个老师在教室里实施，首先，他们会按那个方式教吗？

So if I come up with a learning science idea and I give it to a teacher in front of a classroom, first of all, do they even teach it the way?

教学方式对吗？

Is the instruction done the right way?

这是面向三十个人的。

It's going to 30 people.

先修知识很重要。

Prereq matters.

如果我不懂代数，就别给我上化学课。

If I don't know algebra, don't give me a chemistry lesson.

学生具备所需的先修知识吗？

And do the students have the prerequisites needed?

第二，学生有学习动力吗？

Second, are the students motivated?

他们是不是在椅子上转来转去，根本没在听？

Are they spinning in their chair, not even paying attention?

效果大小主要受这些因素影响，而不是真正的学习科学概念。

The effect size is dominated by all of that, not actually the learning science concept.

在我们的世界里，孩子们在应用里高度投入两个小时，我知道当我上课时，我能衡量他们的参与度。

And in our world, right, where we have kids super engaged for two hours in the app, I know when I give a lesson, I can measure their engagement.

我能看出那节课好不好，因为我知道他们课后立即回答问题的表现。

I can see if that lesson was good because I know how they did on the questions right afterward.

之后我还能再测试他们，因为我在做间隔重复。

I can then test them later because I'm getting spaced repetition.

我之后还能检验他们的记忆。

I'm getting recall later.

我能判断那是否真的转化成了长期记忆。

I can say whether that really was transferred to long term memory.

然后我可以说，哇，那真的有效。

And I can say, wow, that really works.

所以学习科学有不同的理论。

So there's different theories of learning science.

有直接教学的概念。

There's concepts of direct instruction.

比如说，你是应该让孩子自己挣扎着学，还是直接教他们呢？

Like, should you have the kids struggle or should you just teach them directly?

怎么能不让他们挣扎就直接教会呢？

How can you teach them directly without struggle?

我的意思是，我对神经可塑性的理解——这是我熟悉的领域，但不是在教育这个具体背景下——是如果大脑或身体能够执行某件事，比如一个动作或一个认知过程，比如解一道数学题，那它就没有理由去改变。

I mean, my understanding of neuroplasticity, which is an area I come from, but not specifically in the in the context of education, is that if a brain or a body can execute a particular thing, a movement or a cognitive process, a math problem, there is no reason for it to change.

真正推动改变机会的是错误信号。

That the error signal is what actually drives the opportunity for change.

所以没有错误就没有挣扎，没有挣扎就没有学习。

And so without errors, there's no struggle, and therefore without struggle, there's no learning.

所以我不认为存在一种教学方式，能让孩子或成人完全不感到某种程度的轻微不安。

So I don't see a world where you can teach without a kid or an adult feeling some degree of like mild agitation.

他们可能会学着把那种感觉当作兴奋和好奇，但总得有一定程度的唤醒，我觉得对吧？

They might learn to think of that as excitement and curiosity, but there's gotta be some level of arousal, I have to think, right?

你知道，必须要有广泛的参与，是的。

You know, gotta be broad Engagement, yes.

投入和注意力，对吧？

Engagement and attention, right?

你必须有投入和注意力，这正是你所说的。

You have to have engagement and attention exactly what you're talking about.

错误确实很重要，我们可以聊聊那方面。

And errors definitely do matter and we can talk about that side.

但咱们举个例子，我给你出一道数学题。

But let's just take an example which is, I'll give you a math problem.

不给任何指导，自己琢磨出来。

No instruction, figure it out.

这是一种学习方式。

That's one way to try to learn.

更好的学习方式，更快的方式，是给他们一个示范例子，你演示给他们看。

The better way to learn, the faster way to learn is to give you them a worked example where you show them.

然后你逐步去掉例子中的部分，让他们一步步往上走，到最后，他们能在没有任何辅助的情况下解决问题。

And then you progressively remove the parts of the example where they're having to progressively go up and then by the end, they can solve the problem with no scaffolding.

这就是一个搭脚手架的问题。

It's a question of scaffolding.

比起直接说“祝你好运”，这样教孩子学得更快。

And that's a faster way to teach kids than just saying good luck.

所以从某种意义上说，这是一种有示例的渐进式学习。对，没错。

So it's, in some sense, incremental learning with an example at Exactly.

一开始就给出示例。

The front

所以，一个完整的示例就是一个很好的例子。

And so would be a worked example is a good example.

然后还有间隔重复，每个人都有自己的遗忘曲线，而且因人而异，这又回到了那个前沿曲线。

Then you have spaced repetition, which is everybody has a forgetting curve and they're different by person back to that frontier curve.

所以，要在他们快要忘记的时候，适时地提醒他们。

And so how often and right before you're gonna forget it, you wanna remind them.

如果你这样重复几次，就能把信息从长期记忆中提取出来。

Then if you do that over a few times, then it gets your recall from long term memory.

将来你需要的时候，它就在那里。

It will be there when you need it in the future.

所以我有示例讲解，然后就是间隔重复。

And so I have worked examples and then spaced repetition.

现在有一个争论，而且一直都有争论，就是关于你是否需要一些死记硬背的练习，也就是所谓的初始掌握，第一次学习的时候必须达到初始掌握吗？

Now, there's a debate, and there has been a debate, about do you need some drill and kill, known as initial mastery, that you have to hit it with initial mastery the first time you're learning it?

还是说，你第一次学的时候不用完全掌握，但通过间隔重复，到第三四次的时候，你就能达到相当于掌握的程度。

Or can you not learn it to mastery, but because of spaced repetition over time, by the third or fourth time, you'll get the equivalent of mastery.

你把掌握定义为95%以上，对吧？

And you're defining mastery as like 95% or Correct.

所以这就是围绕它的争论。

And so that's been a debate around it.

这在校园里是没法衡量的。

You can't measure that in a school.

那太细了。

That's too fine grained.

我们实际上在过去一年里测量了这一点。

We actually measured it over the last year.

而且我们的学习科学家，因为发表的论文，非常明确地认为，你不需要初始掌握。

And our learning scientists actually, because of the papers that's published, is very much, you don't need initial mastery.

你可以通过间隔重复来实现。

You can do it with spaced repetition.

有趣的是，在年底，我们查看成绩时，基本上在八年级到十二年级，我们仅用工作示例和间隔重复就取得了非常好的成绩。

And what's interesting is at the end of the year, we were looking at our scores and basically in eighth through twelfth, we crushed it with just worked examples and spaced repetition.

因为一旦进入代数，多行问题，工作示例确实很重要。

Because once you get into algebra, the multiline problems, worked examples really matter.

但在四年级到七年级，效果就没那么好了，因为问题比较简单。

But in fourth through seventh, it wasn't as effective because the problems are easier.

所以你会失去的是，你更需要初始掌握，因为工作示例没那么重要。

And so what you lose is you want more initial mastery because the worked examples aren't as important.

所以就像今年，当我们看到成绩下降时，我们就重新加入了初始掌握。

And so like this year, when we saw the scores go down, we then just added initial mastery back to it.

所以你会得到示例题，先掌握基础，然后再进行间隔重复。

So you get the worked example, you get the initial mastery and then spaced repetition.

这两者之间的数据，是外面没有的数据集。

And that dataset between those two things, that's a dataset that doesn't exist out there.

在我看来，这个数据集对Alpha学校以外的学校会非常有价值，可以让他们了解，不管孩子们在课程中学的是什么，你刚才说的是四到七年级吗？

And it seems to me that dataset would be very valuable for schools outside of Alpha School, just to understand that for whatever it is that kids are generally taught in the curriculum of, you said four to seven?

对。

Yeah.

他们需要达到95%或更高的熟练度。

That they need to get to 95% or better proficiency.

英语文学、微积分之类的，如果他们学这些的话。

English literature, calculus, things like that, if they're learning those things.

你是说如果他们不需要达到完全掌握，那他们需要达到什么程度？

You're saying if they don't need to get to mastery, where do they need to get to?

他们需要达到

They need to

一直要达到掌握。

get to mastery all the time.

初始掌握总是重要的，一直都是这样。

Initial mastery always matters, just it always does.

所以无论是学词汇，还是那个例子，阅读理解其实就是词汇量的体现。

And so whether it's learning your vocabulary words, to that example, reading comprehension is a function of vocabulary.

我们现在可以测量了。

We can measure now.

如今，想在SAT英语部分考得好，或者真正掌握英语，最好的方法就是多读书。

Today, the best way to do well on SAT English or to know English is just read lots of books.

遇到不懂的词就查。

And look up the words you don't understand.

别——这样你就能搞定语文部分。

And don't- And you'll kill the verbal.

就像GRE语文部分，对理科生来说总是有点棘手。

You'll just, like with verbal GRE, it's always a little tricky with people in the sciences.

你会说，我担心语文部分的GRE。

You're like, I'm worried about the verbal GRE.

你就去读一本书，一本好书，把每个不懂的词划下来，查一下，然后就有了词汇表，我现在还留着那些词汇表。

You just go, read a book, a good book, and underline every word you don't understand, look it up, and then have a vocabulary I still have those vocabulary lists.

完全同意。

Totally.

如果大家真的这么做，最后都能考到百分之九十以上的分数。

And everyone ends up in like the ninetieth plus percentile if they actually do that.

没错。

Correct.

对。

Yeah.

这就是为什么好学校，那些在SAT上考得好的学校，都有很棒的文学课程，对吧？

That's why good schools, right, who do well on the SAT have a great lit program, right?

他们有很好的经典阅读项目。

They have a great books program.

来，看看我们的书单。

And here, look at our book list.

这就是所有孩子读的书，因为阅读能提升词汇量，而词汇量能提高我们的分数。

This is what all the kids read because that's what's going to drive vocabulary, which drives our scores.

同时也能促进知识的获取。

It drives knowledge acquisition as well.

在我们的应用里，我们确实能判断出，好吧，那就教你这些词汇。

We're in our apps, we can literally determine, okay, well, teach you the vocabulary words.

我们其实发现了一个问题，就是当你学一个词汇，如果只是像背单词卡那样去记，你就不了解它的使用范围。

We've actually learned the problem that you have is when you take a vocabulary word and it's just like a flashcard like vocabulary word, you don't know its limits.

比如“开心”和“欣喜若狂”有什么区别？

Like what's the difference between happy and ecstatic?

如果你只是背单词卡，你真的分辨不出它们的程度差异。

And if you just are flashcarding, you really can't tell the range.

这就是读书能带给你的东西。

That's what you get from reading books.

当你读了一万页书之后，你就会觉得，我现在明白狂喜和开心之间的区别了。

When you read 10,000 pages, you then are like, I now understand the difference between ecstatic and happy.

这就是词汇的边界。

We're the boundaries of the vocabulary words.

这样你才能积累丰富的词汇，提升阅读理解能力。

That's how you build a rich vocabulary and rich reading comprehension and capability.

这就是我们应用里的一项功能，我们可以直接给你词汇，展示它们的边界，直接帮你学习，这比读书时遇到不懂的词再去查更有效。

That's one of the things like in our apps now, we can just be like, oh, we can give you vocabulary words and show you the limits and help educate you directly where it's a more effective way than read the book and go look it up when you don't know it.

所以回到这些不同的事情上，初始掌握在任何事情上都很重要。

And so back to all these different things, initial mastery matters just on everything.

我们再进一步说。

Let's even go further.

有一种概念是，你是否曾经解决过它一次？

There's sort of concepts, which is, have you solved it once?

你是否已经练习到掌握的程度？

Have you done it enough to mastery?

就是说，我可以做三道简单的题，也可以做十道难题。

Which is, you know, I can do three easy problems or I can do 10 hard ones.

做十道难题才算掌握。

The 10 hard ones is mastery.

而且就算我能做十道难题，一个月后还能做吗？

And then even after I can do the 10 hard ones, can I do it a month later?

我是不是前一天晚上临时抱佛脚？

Did I cram the night before?

因为临时抱佛脚不好。

Because cramming's bad.

我能提前一个月、提前两个月做出来吗？

Can I do it one month before, two months before?

间隔重复就是解决这个问题的。

Spaced repetition covers that.

还有一个很重要的维度，这又回到认知科学了。大脑的工作方式是，你只有一定数量的工作记忆槽位，然后还有长期记忆。

There's a third dimension that really matters, and this is back to cognitive science, which is the way the brain works is you have a certain number of working memory slots, and then you have long term memory.

而你的工作记忆槽是有限的。

And your working memory slots are limited.

你的注意力也是有限的。

You have limited attention.

那就是计算的地方。

That's computing.

那是你思考的地方。

That's where you're thinking.

不过，流畅性这个概念，是脑科学里一个很神奇的概念。

And the concept is, though, of fluency is this magical concept about brain science.

它很神奇，因为如果你把某个东西记到流畅的程度，用的时候就不会占用工作记忆槽。

It's magical, which is if you memorize something to fluency, when you use it, it doesn't take a working memory slot.

而工作记忆槽的数量跟智商有关。

And working memory slots are a function of IQ.

这就像是在你的前沿曲线上走得更远的最好方法，不管你的大脑化学物质如何，就是如果你把某个东西记到流畅的程度，这里有个例子可以帮助你理解。

It's like the best way to be farther on your frontier curve, independent of whatever your brain chemistry is, which is if I have memorized something to fluency, and here's the example to think about it.

咱们拿乘法表来举例。

Let's take multiplication tables.

如果我没记住数学事实，那为什么代数会难呢？

And why is algebra hard if I haven't memorized my math facts?

如果我知道七乘八等于五十六，那根本不费劲，对吧？

If I know seven times eight is 56, that takes nothing, right?

你直接就知道答案。

You just know it.

我已经把它练到脱口而出了。

I have it to fluency.

但如果我得算七乘八，那我实际上是在占用工作记忆的槽位。

If I have to calculate seven times eight, I'm actually using my working memory slots.

问题是我只有那么几个槽位。

The problem is I only have a few of them.

所以当我做代数，遇到多步骤的文字题时，我却在为一些本不该占用槽位的事情消耗它们，因为我需要这些槽位去做别的事情。

So when I'm in algebra, I'm in a multi step word problem, and I'm using my slots up for something that I can't because I need it for other things.

这就是为什么孩子到了代数开始吃力的时候，问题不在代数本身。

And that's why when kids get to algebra and they start to struggle, the issue's not the algebra.

问题出在他们三年级没学好的数学基础。

The issue's the third grade math facts they didn't learn.

解决这个问题的方法不是让他们做更多代数题。

The way to fix the problem is not pound them with more algebra.

而是回去解决三年级的问题。

It's to go fix the third grade problem.

我们最极端的例子是一个女孩，SAT数学考了700多分。

You want the most crazy example we have is we had a girl who's low 700 math SAT.

她一直反复考试，总是犯粗心错误。

She kept taking the test and kept getting careless errors.

大家都说，专心点，专心点。

Everybody's like, Focus, focus.

你需要集中注意力。

You need to focus.

然后我们发现，你其实连数学基础都没掌握。

And then we figured out, you don't know your math facts.

所以我们让她回去重新学，对吧？

So we had her go back and learn, right?

把乘法表背下来。

Memorize your multiplication tables.

首先，回到教育改革的话题，你没法说服一个SAT考了710分的人，问题出在三年级的课程上。

And first of all, back to changing education, you can't convince someone with a seven ten that the problem is a third grade lesson.

你更没法说服他们的父母，对吧？

You definitely can't convince their parents, right?

这需要我们的导师花很多心思去激励他们。

That took a lot of motivational pushing on our guides to do that.

那学生呢？

What about the student?

她是什么态度？

What was her attitude toward?

她的态度就是，我不需要做那个。

Her attitude's like, I don't need to do that.

你看，我数学挺好的。

Look, I'm good in math.

我在上高级数学课。

I'm in advanced math.

710分不算差。

Seven ten is not a bad score.

虽然不是800分，但她觉得，不可能是需要背乘法表的问题。

It's not 800, but she's like, it can't be that I need my multiplication tables.

而且所有人都跟她说，是粗心，你太粗心了。

And she's like, and everybody's telling her it's careless, you're being careless.

她只是工作记忆不够用了。

She was just running out of working memory slots.

所以她回去背了乘法表，然后她考了

And so she went back, memorized her multiplication tables, and she got

SAT考了790分。

a seven ninety SAT.

这很好地说明了我们对学习神经可塑性的认识。

Which speaks beautifully to what we know about neuroplasticity of learning.

我是说，就像你说的，记忆，人们总是说，哦，就像海马体，只是传递到大脑皮层，我觉得这个释放工作记忆空间的概念，也许我们可以再深入探讨一下。

I mean, like you're saying, I mean, memories, people always go, oh, it's like the hippocampus, just pass to the cortex, the fluency I think that this notion of freeing up working memory slots, maybe we just double click on that for a second.

我想人们会认为，即使这个年轻女孩做乘法需要更长一点时间，她也能继续做下一步的问题。

I think people assume, well, you even if it would take this young woman a little bit longer to do the multiplication, then she could then move to the next step of the problem.

对。

Yeah.

据我理解，这里有两个问题，对吧，你可能会告诉我可能还有更多。

There are two issues there, right, as I understand, and you'll tell me that there's probably more.

一个是考试有时间压力。

One is that there's a time pressure on the test.

另一个是我们知道，专注的能力也受到你没有意识思考的事情的限制。

And the other piece is that we know that ability to focus is also constrained by the things that you're not consciously thinking about.

比如，我们从手机这件事上就能知道。

Like, we know this from the phone, for example.

我很好奇Alpha学校是怎么处理手机的。

I'm curious how Alpha School treats phones.

我们知道，如果手机倒扣在桌上，或者放在椅子下面的包里，根据一项可靠的研究，表现会下降。

We know that if the phone is upside down on a table based on a good study in a bag under the chair, performance drops.

但如果手机不在房间里，表现就能恢复正常，但也不会变得更好。

But if it's out of the room, performance is rescued, it doesn't get better.

而且我们知道，在任何情况下，学生或人都能集中注意力。

And we know that in every case, the student can focus or the person can focus.

我相信这个研究是在成年人身上做的。

I believe this was done in adults.

但问题是，他们没有足够的认知空间去深入思考想法、提出新颖的解决方案等等。

But the issue is they don't have enough cognitive space to be able to elaborate on ideas, come up with novel solutions and things like that.

所以这其实不是注意力的问题，而是大脑在有意识和无意识地同时处理信息。

So it's not really a focus issue, it's that the brain is computing consciously and unconsciously.

所以我猜她可以反复尝试，但某个更高层次的概念还没弄明白。

So my guess is that she could iterate, but that there's some higher order concept is not becoming clear.

对，没错。

Yeah, correct.

工作记忆的容量就是你能够同时思考的独立信息块的数量。

The number of working beverage slots is the number of unique chunks that you can think about.

我再举个例子，也许这样更好理解。

And I'll give a different example, and maybe this also helps.

你只有那么多容量，用完了就没了。

You just have a limit and you run out.

如果你把容量用在某件事上，就不能同时用在别的事情上。

And if you're using them for something, you can't use it for something else.

而某个数学题需要占用一定数量的容量。

And a certain math problem takes a certain number of slots.

所以我可以预测，你会不会在这个数学题上卡住，它对你来说是不是太难，就看你有没有熟练掌握。

So I can predict, are you gonna struggle with this math problem and is it too hard for you based on whether you have fluency or not?

即使我知道你懂这个问题，即使你教过这个内容并且知道怎么做，我也能判断出你会不会遇到困难。

Even if I know you know the problem, even if you've taught the material and you know how to do it, I can tell whether you're gonna struggle.

你可以拿那些有天赋的孩子来举例。

You can take gifted kids as an example.

他们的工作记忆容量最大。

They have the most working memory slots.

但每个有天赋的孩子在数学上都会经历这个阶段，就是他们全都在脑子里算。

But every gifted kid goes through this in math, which is they do everything in their head.

他们从不把步骤写下来。

They never write down their work.

然后大家总是说，你得把步骤写下来，展示你的解题过程。

And everybody's always like, you're gonna have to write down and show your work.

他们就会说，无所谓，我全在脑子里算。

And they're all like, whatever, I just do everything in my head.

然后每个有天赋的孩子在某个学习阶段都会遇到瓶颈，因为有些数学题你没法在脑子里算，你必须开始写下来。

And then every gifted kid at some point in their education hit their wall because there's some math that you just can't do in your head and you have to start writing down.

而且他们还没学会。

And they haven't learned it.

他们学了一堆坏习惯。

They've learned all the bad habits.

他们没学会好习惯，没学会怎么一步步解决多步骤问题。

They haven't learned the good habits, the good traits of actually how do I do a multi step problem where I'm working it down?

然后他们碰壁了，第一次觉得，我居然做不出数学题。

And they hit a wall, and for the first time, they're like, I can't do a math problem.

这是不是就是为什么神童不会一直沿着直线上升，最终达到超常表现的原因之一？

Is that one of the reasons why child prodigies don't continue on a linear trajectory to hyper performance.

我是说，曾经有个神童告诉我，因为他被称为神童，而且做过一些了不起的事。

I mean, I was once told by a child prodigy because he was referred to as a child prodigy and had performed done something incredible.

我不想透露他是谁，但他马上纠正了我。

I don't wanna reveal who this was, and he corrected me immediately.

他说，前神童。

He said, Former child prodigy.